1. Picot Study: Literature Review
Presented by [insert name here]

2. State of Mental Illness
People with mental status experience different levels of discrimination and stigma
Stigma and discrimination influence the health seeking behavior of the patients and recovery process
Pharmacological interventions are available for people living with mental illness
Managing discrimination and stigma vis-à-vis strict pharmacologic interventions have different levels of benefit and outcome in the recovery of the patient and treatment adherence

3. PICOT Question
In non-behavioral health nurses who care for psychiatric patients at the emergency department, how does education on ways of combating social stigmatization compared to the strict administration of drugs impact on the overall services offered to psychiatric patients over five months?

4. PICOT cont…
P – Mental nurses I - education on ways of combating social stigmatization C – strict administration of drugs O - services offered to psychiatric patients T – 5 months

5. Pharmacologic interventions and Mental illness
Factors considered include patient’s preference to medication, development, and approval of drugs
Clinicians have a problem in establishing standard dose for patients because of different preferences
Possible adverse drugs reactions affects adherence
However, little research evidence exist showing effect of strict pharmacological interventions.
More studies needed to establish the correlation (Eiring et al., 2015)

6. Stigma and Mental illness
Abundant literature exist to relate mental illness, stigma, and discrimination
Knowledge and skills offer long term solution to discrimination and stigma
Significant finding indicate moderate influence of professional intervention as a solution to addressing stigma.
The mass media play a greater role in influencing the attitudes, intended behavior, and stigma related knowledge.
Author recommends long term use of public education to enhance stigma prevention (Gronholm et al., 2017)

7. Stigma and socioeconomic status
In case control study- evidence relate stigma to poor recovery and poverty in mental disorder
Female more vulnerable to poverty
Poverty due to loss of employment
Healthcare awareness on effect of stigma in mental illness aid in comprehensive care and efficacy

8. Stigma, discrimination, and Mental disorder
Sigma and discrimination is a barrier to healthcare and recovery
Understanding the causes of stigma is essential in modifying care
Family members, community, healthcare professionals involve in discrimination
The issue arise from misconception of mental illness among different individuals
Nurses, family members, and patient require education to help handle stigma in mental illness (Egbe et al., 2014)

9. Mental illness and Nurses Attitude
Evidence indicates increasing awareness onadverse effects of stigma on mental illness
Nurses competency influence management of stigma and mental illness
Nurses attitude influence recovery and outcome
(Mårtensson, Jacobsson, and Engström, 2014)

10. Conclusion Stigma is a problem in Mental illness
Community, family members and nurses propagate stigma in various ways
Social impact has more effect on prognosis than pharmacologic interventions
Nurses knowledge on stigma and discrimination results in better management and outcome of mental illness.

11. Reference
Egbe, C. O., Brooke-Sumner, C., Kathree, T., Selohilwe, O., Thornicroft, G., & Petersen, I. (2014). Psychiatric stigma and discrimination in South Africa: perspectives from key stakeholders. BMC Psychiatry, 14,
Eiring, Ø., Landmark, B. F., Aas, E., Salkeld, G., Nylenna, M., & Nytrøen, K. (2015). What matters to patients? A systematic review of preferences for medication-associated outcomes in mental disorders. BMJ open, 5(4), e
Gronholm, P. C., Henderson, C., Deb, T., & Thornicroft, G. (2017). Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma: the state of the art. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 52(3),
Mårtensson, G., Jacobsson, J. W., & Engström, M. (2014). Mental health nursing staff’s attitudes towards mental illness: an analysis of related factors. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(9), 782–788.
Trani, J. F., Bakhshi, P., Kuhlberg, J., Narayanan, S. S., Venkataraman, H., Mishra, N. N., ... & Deshpande, S. (2015). Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case–control study. BMJ open, 5(2), e