1. Great Plains Wheat Virus Survey Mary Burrows Extension Plant Pathology Specialist Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

2. Overview How we got into this Data from 2008 & 2009 Outcomes DD maps Future of survey

3. Wheat viruses were bad in our state this year Ours too! (me) Hmm…this may be an opportunity to do some virology (Jim Stack) Hmm…this may be an opportunity to show how the GPDN network can collaborate 2006 NPDN meeting, GPDN state reports

4. Increase in regional virus incidence? Vector Host PathogenEnvironment New York Times)

5. Process The diagnosticians were interested to find out what viruses were in their states (TriMV had just been identified in KS) Jim Stack volunteered to pay for the kits Agdia put together kits for WSMV, TriMV, HPV, BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV 2008-2010: processing samples that come into the clinic as part of routine diagnostics and surveys (depending on the state) 2010: DD mapping

6. Survey Protocol Symptomatic or asymptomatic wheat samples coming into the diagnostic labs Symptomatic winter wheat fields –State-wide wheat disease surveys –Other samples as part of regular extension activities by specialists Samples processed via ELISA by the state lab or sent to MT Samples were saved for further research activities (Charlie Rush, TX; Jacque Fletcher, OK; Steve Wegulo/Roy French, NE)

7. Data from each wheat sample Presence/absence and type of virus (ELISA) Symptom severity and incidence (visual scale) Date of sampling Growth stage of plant Geographical location (GPS if available) Entered into PDIS as well as an Excel spreadsheet for ease of analyzing data

8. What will we learn from a wheat virus survey? What the most prevalent viruses are in wheat Where wheat viruses are distributed Whether TriMV is present outside of KS (the answer is yes) Impressions of: –Timing of infection –Incidence –Single or co-infections, relation to symptomatology –Affect of viruses on yield –Cropping system/management effects on wheat viruses –Variety resistance/tolerance

9. 2008nWSMVWMoVTriMV Colorado516110 Kansas53623830 Montana234390 Nebraska6639827 North Dakota4440120 Oklahoma9327306 South Dakota962872 Texas307834157 Wyoming21381924 Total754471917 2009 Colorado145502421 Kansas621402 Montana1502947 Nebraska100141644 North Dakota925212. Oklahoma77491718 South Dakota442714. Texas32244414 Wyoming2110190 Total1013321220 % of samples testing positive

10. 2008nWSMV + WMoVWSMV + TriMVWMoV + TriMVAll mite Colorado518800 Kansas531521138 Montana239000 Nebraska6681855 North Dakota449000 Oklahoma9316433 South Dakota967211 Texas30737532826 Wyoming21510 0 Total75413 5 2009 Colorado1457067466 Kansas62141620 Montana1503511 Nebraska1003157603 North Dakota9263... Oklahoma776668360 South Dakota4441... Texas3224858182 Wyoming217614100 Total101346 292

11. 2008nBYDV-PAVCYDV-RPVAll aphid Colorado511040 Kansas53620 Montana23900 Nebraska66532 North Dakota44200 Oklahoma931632 South Dakota96300 Texas3071420 Wyoming21000 Total754720 2009 Colorado1453285 Kansas621000 Montana150121 Nebraska1008141 North Dakota92690 Oklahoma776544 South Dakota445.. Texas3222000 Wyoming21500 Total10131741

12. Number of viruses in sample 2008n012345 Colorado51226316000 Kansas5385530800 Montana2348439000 Nebraska66472920500 North Dakota4457349000 Oklahoma93492817320 South Dakota9668237100 Texas307823372840 Wyoming21433324000 Total754393719510 2009 Colorado1453341141101 Kansas6282153000 Montana15067247100 Nebraska100364117600 North Dakota9239488400 Oklahoma77103448800 South Dakota44662311000 Texas322463414420 Wyoming21761410000 Total1013492918400

13. Outcomes Information on prevalence and species of wheat viruses in the Great Plains region WMoV and TriMV in all states not regulated pests Germplasm used for several research projects (MT, NE, OK, etc.) and successful collaborations Manuscript in Plant Health Progress and APSnet Feature article Raised awareness of wheat viruses in our cropping systems Model for data sharing among states in GPDN region and NPDN Interest in conducting wheat virus surveys in additional NPDN regions Continued collaborations and greater understanding of cereal virus epidemiology and management. Use of NPDN mapping functions and degree day models to deliver up-to-date information on wheat viruses during the 2010 cropping season and predict their occurrence (symptom development).

14. Current status Survey ongoing in 2010 Samples feeding into research on TriMV in Nebraska (Wegulo), other states as requested Bi-weekly updates to SPHDs, SPROs, and diagnosticians on virus status in GPDN

15. Other research activities (MT) Dai Ito: Winter, spring wheat, barley variety trials –Fall inoculations inefficient (~10% vs >50%) – probably due to cold temperatures and lack of systemic infection in the fall rather than winterkill –Widely planted winter wheat varieties in MT loose ~18% yield due to WSMV, spring wheats loose ~30% –Varieties vary in susceptibility as measured by symptom severity, incidence, and yield loss – one does not predict the other –Barley is resistant to mechanical inoculation by WSMV (susceptible to TriMV) Greenhouse trials of winter wheat and weeds from 5 Great Plains states

16. Susceptibility to WSMV as measured by % incidence in varieties from 5 Great Plains states

17. Susceptibility to WSMV as measured by relative ELISA absorbance value in varieties from 5 Great Plains states

18. Weeds vary in susceptibility to WSMV as measured by relative absorbance value

19. Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) transmission by the wheat curl mite (WCM) from grassy weeds to wheat =conflicts with literature

20. Other research activities (MT) Zach Miller: Weed/grassy weed interactions as influenced by stress: nitrogen, WSMV

21. Acknowledgements Dai Ito, Zach Miller, Matt Moffet, Linnea Skoglund GPDN: Jim Stack & all state reps and diagnosticians MSU County Extension Agents