1. Making of the Modern World Week 7, Lecture 1 Tutor: Giorgio Riello
Lecture 1. Inequality and the Modern World:
Divergence, Industrialisation and Deindustrialisation

2. Freedom
Equality
Fraternity

3. Fraternity Freedom Equality - humanity - 'people of the world'
- migrants and refugees
- charities
- political freedom
- human rights
- freedom from oppression
- free enterprise
- taxation?
Equality
- of treatment
- no discrimination
- welfare state
- redistribution
- income? Wealth?

4. Inequality
Responses to this questions vary dramatically, so the point of these lectures is:
to show you how unequal the world is
to assess whether over time it has become more or less unequal
to explain why
Optimists vs Pessimists

5. 1. Divergence: A World of Inequality
Measured by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) /per capita

9. 1. Divergence: A World of Inequality
Measured by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) /per capita

10. Today people in the world are richer than in 1600, but how much richer?
Twice
Three times
Seven times
Fourteen times

11. Today people in the world are richer than in 1600, but how much richer?
Twice
Three times
Seven times
Fourteen times

14. ECONOMIC GROWTH

15. 1. When Divergence happened
Why Divergence happened

16. 2. Why Divergence: The Old School
Key explanation
as the era in which Western Europe brought the world under its influence
See the discoveries as the beginning of bringing the world into the orbit of European civilisation
Discoveries is what subjected the world to the rule and influence of European power (European expansion)
Is it a Eurocentric Story?

17. The UK in 1800 and 2000: some comparisons
Population
9 million
58 million
Wealth per capita
£1,500
£21,000
Life expectancy 40 79

18. The Industrial Revolution: Different Explanations
Exp. 1. Until the 1970s (in particular c ):
- economic growth
- key sectors (esp. cotton textiles)
Factory production
Use of new technologies
Exp. 2. From the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s:
a wider range of sectors
the continuity with pre-industrial manufacturing (manufactures)
consumption
proto-industrialisation
Exp. 3. Since the mid 1990s:
the IR in a more global perspective,
new concept of ‘divergence’

19. Richard Arkwright inventor of the ‘water frame’ for spinning cotton

21. 3. Eurocentric Globalists
Eric Jones , The European Miracle (1981).
He emphasises:
the positive environmental position of Europe
unique family pattern, urbanisation, warfare, etc.
unique culture
Accused on ‘Eurocentrism’ and ‘triumphalism of Europe’, yet in a wide global context

22. TO BE CONTINUED