1. Writing Scientific Research Articles

3. 2.1 Conventional article structure: AIMRaD (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion) and its variations

8. When and how to write each article section

9. Results as a ‘‘story’’: the key driver of an article

10. Results: turning data into knowledge

11. 5.2 Designing figures
. which variable needs to have the most prominent symbol or line (heaviest line weighting);
. whether you want to emphasize differences or similarities between elements; and
. what scale, scale intervals, maximum and minimum values, and statistical representations are most meaningful.
The range of common figure types listed below allows you to emphasize different qualities of the data.
. Pie charts are effective at highlighting proportions of a total or whole.
. Column and bar charts are effective for comparing the values of different categories when they are independent of each other (e.g. apples and oranges).

13. 5.3 Designing tables

14. 5.4 Figure legends and table titles
A title which summarizes what the figure is about.
Details of results or models shown in the figure or supplementary to the figure.
Additional explanation of the components of the figure, methods used, or essential details of the figure’s contribution to the results story.
Description of the units or statistical notation included.
Explanation of any other symbols or notation used.

15. Writing about results The text of a Results section typically
. highlights the important findings;
. locates the figure(s) or table(s) where the results can be found; and . comments on (but does not discuss) the results.
Elements that highlight and locate are sometimes combined in the same sentence, and sometimes appear in separate sentences.
Examples of combined highlight þ location styles
Measurements of root length density (Figure 3) revealed that the majority of roots of both cultivars were found in the upper substrate layers.
The response of lucerne root growth to manganese rate and depth treatments was similar to that of shoots (Figure 2).

17. The Methods section
Strategy 1 Use identical or similar subheadings in the Methods and the Results sections.
Strategy 2 Use introductory phrases or sentences in the Methods that relate to the aims, e.g.
To generate an antibody to GmDmt1;1, a 236-bp DNA fragment coding for 70 N- terminal amino acids was amplified using the PCR, . . .

18. 7.3 Use of passive and active verbs

23. The Introduction Is the contribution new?
Is the contribution new?
Is the contribution significant?
Is it suitable for publication in the journal?

36. The Discussion section

42. The title
10.1 Strategy 1: Provide as much relevant information as possible, but be concise
10.2 Strategy 2: Use keywords prominently

45. The Abstract

47. Getting your manuscript published
Considerations when selecting a target journal
12.1 The scope and aims of the journal
12.2 The audience for the journal
The audience for a journal is largely determined by the scope and aims of the journal, the journal’s reputation and history of publishing in the field, and the accessibility of the journal to researchers (e.g. is it expensive, does it have Open Access options for authors, is it published by a small publisher with limited distribution?).

48. 12.3 Journal impact
12.5 Time to publication
12.6 Page charges or Open Access costs

49. Submitting a manuscript

54. How to respond to editors and referees