1. Self-Defense
To protect self and others from immediate threat of serious bodily injury or death
Defense of property only works if the threat is using deadly force. If someone tries to steal something and is moving away from you, deadly force is unnecessary. If in the process of theft, the thief uses deadly force, you can too.
Defense of home > 1)intruder is about to unlawfully enter (2)the intruder intends to commit a felony or injure an occupant AND (3)deadly force is necessary to stop the intruder.

2. Entrapment Duty of officers is to prevent, not punish, crime
First successful entrapment defense occurred during Prohibition (1932)
Subjective test for entrapment used by fed and most state courts – requires the police lure the subject into committing the crime and the defendant was not predisposed to commit the crime (subjective because of predisposition)
Objective test requires police lure defendant into committing crime by doing something that creates a substantial risk for the commission of an offense by those willing to commit it

3. Abscam operation – FBI received information that certain Congressmen were receiving bribes
They invented a phone Arab sheik that offered bribes to these men
The operation was filmed, and the entrapment defense failed because the FBI presented an opportunity but did not make the men accept the bribes
DeLorean case succeeded
DeLorean left Ford and started making his own cars
Due to a gas crisis, the did not sell well
Government agents approached him with a deal to import $24 million in cocaine and filmed his acceptance
Lawyers argued DeLorean had a clean record, unreliable witnesses, and entrapment

4. Common sting operations include
Prostitution and drugs
Fake pawnshops
Decoy cars
Fake websites
Phony ads

5. Youth, Gangs, and violence
40% of all people arrested are under 25 yoa
Three-fourths of those are males
Males account for 80% of all violent-crime arrests
Street robbers are violent criminals that often want money for drugs, food, or goods
Their victims are often weak and vulnerable
Usually belong to same ethnic group

6. Youth gangs
Often groups of immigrants or poor and often in large cities (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, LA)
Often territorial which causes violence (turf warfare)
Commit crimes involving larceny, shootings, drugs, etc
Motorcycle gangs developed in poor white areas
Racism, hatred, and violence (shaved heads)
Some gangs turned into radicals for political protests
Crips and Bloods in LA, California (70s)– spread and started sporting colors and signs to identify each other
80s – Cocaine made it to America

7. Due to cheap price and availability, these new gangs became drug-dealing networks
Cash, ties to Latin American suppliers, spreading empires, and automatic weapons increased violence
2000 – gang-related killings decreased, but the number of gangs increased
Gangs became trans-national (operating in different countries) as many deported Latino criminals started branches> 18th St Gang (Latino), MS-13 (Central Am)
have around 40,000 members and commit robbery, kidnapping, murder, &traffic humans, weapons, and drugs across borders

8. Young people join gangs:
To fit in
Safety (60 times more likely to be killed than non-gang members)
Opportunity to make money (few do bec they pay leaders)
#1 reason is FEAR
Three types of gangs
Corporate – highly organized and focus is to make money
Territorial – focus on protecting their turf (violence)
Scavenger – least organized, low-achieving, and prone to violence (vendettas and revenge)

9. White-collar crime
Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation
Bank and securities fraud
Selling stocks with false information
Credit with a fake ID
take advantage of their power and violate public trust in our economic system

10. Enron Corporation based in Houston
Started as a natural gas pipeline company and moved to an energy trading company (middleman)
Branched out and made some risky, unsuccessful investments
Tried to hide their debt in off-shore partnership companies and falsified financial records, claiming it received more money that it actually did
Revenue “increases” made stock appealing to investors
Accounting firm (nation’s largest) did not catch frauds
2000- reported over $100,000 in profits

11. A deal to distribute movies over the internet fell through
SEC started investigating after a bankrupt energy company owed Enron +$500 million
Frauds unveiled, stock plummeted, thousands of employees lost jobs
Some top executives were charged and convicted
Accounting firm was convicted of obstruction of justice and went out of business
Changed laws regarding corporation audits

12. Bernard madoff Bernard “Bernie” Madoff Investment Securities LLC
Exposed in 2008
Trusted and respected >seen as innovator and visionary
Began trading after two major stock exchanges closed
Developed software to trade quickly and efficiently – later used by NASDAQ (1st electronic stock exchange)
Created investment fund that turned into a Ponzi Scheme (returns high but believable; exclusive club)
2008 market crash led to large funds demanding money > admitted to sons what he had done and they turned him in to avoid losing everything

13. Plead guilty to 11 federal felonies = 150 years
Accountant – 9 federal felonies
Madoff’s second in command plead guilty
Many investors committed suicide
Pension funds, university endowments, and charities lost large amounts of money and some shut down
As early as 1999, one financial analyst tried to tell the SEC, the media, and the financial industry but was ignored

14. Swindles and con artists
Can be large or small games
Con artists are bright, articulate people
They are actors and can work in groups
Most rely on a little now for a lot later
If it seems too good to be true, it probably is, and don’t say yes to schemes of strangers
Pigeon Drop
Fake money in envelope > split evenly (lawyer) > held by neutral party for a fee > keeps the fee but there isn’t any money to split

15. Phony Prize or Sweepstakes Offer
Bank Examiner Swindle
Victim chosen at bank > banker embezzling money > needs withdrawal and an agent will examine the serial numbers > never seen again
Phony Prize or Sweepstakes Offer
Collection fee
Telemarketing Scams
Schemes to fix bad credit or get a credit card for a fee
Phony educational grants for a fee/ phony travel offers
Overpriced magazing subscriptions
Work-at-home that promises huge incomes
Fake offers of loan payment
Fake calls for personal information

16. Internet Fraud
Phony sales, prizes, and investment opportunities
Phony auctions (electronics, vehicles, etc.)
A request of cash is a clear sign of fraud
Phishing > spam from a bank or credit card company that requires updating passwords and credit card information > response allows a spending spree
Nigerian money scam > claims to be a foreign official that needs help getting gems or money out of the country > promises a share to whoever helps and has pictures and documents, and she acts desperate > people give money thinking they will share a fortune