1. Genetics

2. Chromosomes
Autosomes: chromosomes that do not contain genes that determine the sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes: chromosomes that contain genes that determine the sex of an individual

3. Sex Determination
Sex determination: one sex chromosome determines the sex of the organism
In humans eggs have an X chromosome and sperm have either an X or a Y chromosome

5. Fruit Fly Karyotype

6. Chicken Karyotype

7. Dog Karyotype

8. Chromosome mapping
Chromosome mapping: a diagram that shows where genes are located on each chromosome

9. Genes
Gene: a section of DNA that codes information for making proteins.
Genes are located on Chromosomes

10. Alleles Allele- an alternative form of a gene
Represented by letters of the alphabet
Dominant-masks the other traits
Capital letters
Recessive-hidden by dominant trait
Lower case letters

11. Traits
Trait: a characteristic that is determined by what genes an organism has

12. Traits and Heredity Dominant trait: masks the other traits
Capital letters
Recessive trait: hidden by dominant trait
Lower case letters
Homozygous: has 2 of the same allele for a gene (AA or aa)
Heterozygous: has 2 different alleles for the same gene (Aa)

13. Heredity
Heredity: the passing of traits from parent to offspring

14. Traits and Heredity
Genotype: an organisms genetic makeup (alleles that are on our chromosomes)
Phenotype: an organisms appearance (traits that are expressed)

15. Gregor Mendel The father of genetics
Austrian monk who worked on genetics with pea plants

17. Mendel’s Laws
1. The Law of Segregation: during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg) the two copies of each hereditary factor separate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: the hereditary factors separate randomly during the formation of gametes
3. The Law of Dominance: one factor in a pair of traits dominates the other in inheritance

18. Vocabulary
True-breeding: pure, always produces offspring with the same traits
Self-pollination: sperm pollinates egg in the same plants
Cross-pollination: sperm pollinates egg in a different plant

19. Vocabulary
Hybrid Cross: Cross between parents with one differing trait P or P₁: Parental Generation F₁: First Generation offspring F₂: Second Generation offspring

20. Mendel’s Experiments

21. Punnett Squares
Punnett Square: predicts the genetic probabilities of offspring

22. Punnett Squares

23. Punnett Squares

24. Dihybrid crosses
Dihybrid cross: 2 traits are tracked because the genes move together
R: round
r: winkled
Y: yellow
y: green

25. Dihybrid crosses

26. Other forms of inheritance
Incomplete Dominance: neither allele is completely dominant over the other

28. Other forms of Inheritance
Co-dominance: both alleles are expressed

31. Sex-linked Traits Sex-linked: determined by the x chromosome
Males will be affected more than females because males only have one X chromosome