1. The International Linear Collider
Barry Barish
9-Nov-05

2. Particle Physics Inquiry Based Science
Are there undiscovered principles of nature:
New symmetries, new physical laws?
How can we solve the mystery of dark energy?
Are there extra dimensions of space?
Do all the forces become one?
Why are there so many kinds of particles?
What is dark matter?
How can we make it in the laboratory?
What are neutrinos telling us?
How did the universe come to be?
What happened to the antimatter?
from the Quantum Universe
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

3. Answering the Questions Three Complementary Probes
Neutrinos as a Probe
Particle physics and astrophysics using a weakly interacting probe
High Energy Proton Proton Colliders
Opening up a new energy frontier ( ~ 1 TeV scale)
High Energy Electron Positron Colliders
Precision Physics at the new energy frontier
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

4. Neutrinos observed from the sun !
Koshiba
41H  4He + 2e+ + 2 ve + energy
Davis and Bahcall
SuperKamiokande
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

5. But, too few neutrinos …
If neutrinos have mass, then as conjectured earlier by Bruno Pontecorvo, neutrinos could “oscillate” from one type to another.
In this case, some of the original electron neutrinos made in the sun convert to other neutrinos on trajectory to the earth
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

6. Puzzle resolved … neutrinos oscillate
KamLAND used terrestrial
neutrinos from reactors,
observes oscillations
SNO (Canada) used D20 to
detect other neutrino types
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

7. Neutrinos – Some of the Dark Matter!
Dark Energy
70%
Cold Dark Matter
20%
Hot Dark Matter
(neutrinos) < 5%
Ordinary (baryonic)
Matter 5%
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

8. Neutrinos – The Future
Long baseline neutrino experiments – Create neutrinos at an accelerator or reactor and study at long distance when they have oscillated from one type to another.
MINOS
Opera
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

9. Neutrinos – Many Questions
Why are neutrino masses so small ?
Are the neutrinos their own antiparticles?
What is the separation and ordering of the masses of the neutrinos?
Neutrinos contribution to the dark matter?
CP violation in neutrinos, leptogenesis, possible role in the early universe and in understanding the particle antiparticle asymmetry in nature?
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

10. Why a TeV Scale e+e- Accelerator?
Two parallel developments over the past few years (the science & the technology)
The precision information from LEP and other data have pointed to a low mass Higgs; Understanding electroweak symmetry breaking, whether supersymmetry or an alternative, will require precision measurements.
There are strong arguments for the complementarity between a ~ TeV ILC and the LHC science.
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

11. Electroweak Precision Measurements
What causes mass??
The mechanism – Higgs or alternative appears around the corner
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

12. CERN – Geneva Switzerland
Accelerators and the Energy Frontier
Large Hadron Collider
CERN – Geneva Switzerland
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

13. LHC and the Energy Frontier Source of Particle Mass
Discover the Higgs
The Higgs Field
Source of mass to all other particles
The Higgs Field
LEP
fb-1
FNAL
or variants or ???
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

14. LHC and the Energy Frontier A New Force in Nature
Discover a new heavy particle, Z’
Can show by measuring the couplings with the ILC how it relates to other particles and forces
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

15. This led to higher energy machines: Electron-Positron Colliders
Bruno Touschek built the first successful electron-positron collider at Frascati, Italy (1960)
Eventually, went up to 3 GeV
ADA
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

16. But, not quite high enough energy ….
3.1 GeV
Burt Richter
Nobel Prize
and
Discovery Of
Charm
Particles
SPEAR at SLAC
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

17. The rich history for e+e- continued as higher energies were achieved …
DESY PETRA Collider
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

18. Electron Positron Colliders The Energy Frontier
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

19. Why e+e- Collisions ? elementary particles well-defined
energy,
angular momentum
uses full COM energy
produces particles democratically
can mostly fully reconstruct events
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

20. How do you know you have discovered the Higgs ?
Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero !
The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

21. What can we learn from the Higgs?
Precision measurements of Higgs coupling can reveal extra dimensions in nature
Straight blue line gives the standard model predictions.
Range of predictions in models with extra dimensions -- yellow band, (at most 30% below the Standard Model
The red error bars indicate the level of precision attainable at the ILC for each particle
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

22. Direct production from extra dimensions ?
Linear collider
New space-time dimensions can be mapped by studying the emission of gravitons into the extra dimensions, together with a photon or jets emitted into the normal dimensions.
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

23. Is There a New Symmetry in Nature? Supersymmetry
Bosons
Fermions
Virtues of Supersymmetry:
Unification of Forces
The Hierarchy Problem
Dark Matter …
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

24. Parameters for the ILC Ecm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV
Luminosity  ∫Ldt = 500 fb-1 in 4 years
Ability to scan between 200 and 500 GeV
Energy stability and precision below 0.1%
Electron polarization of at least 80%
The machine must be upgradeable to 1 TeV
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

25. A TeV Scale e+e- Accelerator?
Two parallel developments over the past few years (the science & the technology)
Two alternate designs -- “warm” and “cold” had come to the stage where the show stoppers had been eliminated and the concepts were well understood.
A major step toward a new international machine requires uniting behind one technology, and then make a unified global design based on the recommended technology.
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

26. The JLC-X and NLC essentially a unified single design with common parameters
The main linacs based on 11.4 GHz, room temperature copper technology.
GLC
GLC/NLC Concept
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

27. TESLA Concept
The main linacs based on 1.3 GHz superconducting technology operating at 2 K.
The cryoplant, is of a size comparable to that of the LHC, consisting of seven subsystems strung along the machines every 5 km.
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

28. CLIC Concept Drive Beam The main linac rf
power is produced by decelerating a high-current (150 A) low-energy (2.1 GeV) drive beam
Nominal accelerating gradient of 150 MV/m
GOAL
Proof of concept ~2010
Main Accelerator
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

29. SCRF Technology Recommendation
The recommendation of ITRP was presented to ILCSC & ICFA on August 19, 2004 in a joint meeting in Beijing.
ICFA unanimously endorsed the ITRP’s recommendation on August 20, 2004
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

30. The ITRP Recommendation
We recommend that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology
This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both (from the Executive Summary).
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

31. The Community Self-Organized
Nov 13-15, 2004
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

32. Global Design Effort The Mission of the GDE
Produce a design for the ILC that includes a detailed design concept, performance assessments, reliable international costing, an industrialization plan , siting analysis, as well as detector concepts and scope.
Coordinate worldwide prioritized proposal driven R & D efforts (to demonstrate and improve the performance, reduce the costs, attain the required reliability, etc.)
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

33. GDE Members Americas 16 Europe 21 Asia 12 49 members
Chris Adolphsen, SLAC
Jean-Luc Baldy, CERN
Philip Bambade, LAL, Orsay
Barry Barish, Caltech
Wilhelm Bialowons, DESY
Grahame Blair, Royal Holloway
Jim Brau, University of Oregon
Karsten Buesser, DESY
Elizabeth Clements, Fermilab
Michael Danilov, ITEP
Jean-Pierre Delahaye, CERN,
Gerald Dugan, Cornell University
Atsushi Enomoto, KEK
Brian Foster, Oxford University
Warren Funk, JLAB
Jie Gao, IHEP
Terry Garvey, LAL-IN2P3
Hitoshi Hayano, KEK
Tom Himel, SLAC
Bob Kephart, Fermilab
Eun San Kim, Pohang Acc Lab
Hyoung Suk Kim, Kyungpook Nat’l Univ
Shane Koscielniak, TRIUMF
Vic Kuchler, Fermilab
Lutz Lilje, DESY
Tom Markiewicz, SLAC
David Miller, Univ College of London
Shekhar Mishra, Fermilab
Youhei Morita, KEK
Olivier Napoly, CEA-Saclay
Hasan Padamsee, Cornell University
Carlo Pagani, DESY
Nan Phinney, SLAC
Dieter Proch, DESY
Pantaleo Raimondi, INFN
Tor Raubenheimer, SLAC
Francois Richard, LAL-IN2P3
Perrine Royole-Degieux, GDE/LAL
Kenji Saito, KEK
Daniel Schulte, CERN
Tetsuo Shidara, KEK
Sasha Skrinsky, Budker Institute
Fumihiko Takasaki, KEK
Laurent Jean Tavian, CERN
Nobu Toge, KEK
Nick Walker, DESY
Andy Wolski, LBL
Hitoshi Yamamoto, Tohoku Univ
Kaoru Yokoya, KEK
49 members
Americas 16
Europe
Asia
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

34. Designing a Linear Collider
Superconducting RF
Main Linac
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

35. Specific Machine Realizations
rf bands:
L-band (TESLA) GHz l = 3.7 cm
S-band (SLAC linac) GHz 1.7 cm
C-band (JLC-C) GHz cm
X-band (NLC/GLC) GHz cm
(CLIC) GHz 0.2 cm
Accelerating structure size is dictated by wavelength of the rf accelerating wave. Wakefields related to structure size; thus so is the difficulty in controlling emittance growth and final luminosity.
Bunch spacing, train length related to rf frequency
Damping ring design depends on bunch length, hence frequency
RF Bands
Frequency dictates many of the design issues for LC
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

36. Design Approach Create a baseline configuration for the machine
Document a concept for ILC machine with a complete layout, parameters etc. defined by the end of 2005
Make forward looking choices, consistent with attaining performance goals, and understood well enough to do a conceptual design and reliable costing by end of 2006.
Technical and cost considerations will be an integral part in making these choices.
Baseline will be put under “configuration control,” with a defined process for changes to the baseline.
A reference design will be carried out in I am proposing we use a “parametric” design and costing approach.
Technical performance and physics performance will be evaluated for the reference design
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

37. Parametric Approach Parametric approach to design
machine parameters : a space to optimize the machine
Trial parameter space, being evaluated by subsystems
machine design : incorporate change without redesign; incorporates value engineering, trade studies at each step to minimize costs
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

38. Approach to ILC R&D Program
Proposal-driven R&D in support of the baseline design.
Technical developments, demonstration experiments, industrialization, etc.
Proposal-driven R&D in support of alternatives to the baseline
Proposals for potential improvements to the baseline, resources required, time scale, etc.
Develop a prioritized DETECTOR R&D program aimed at technical developments needed to reach combined design performance goals
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

39. The Key Decisions Critical choices: luminosity parameters & gradient
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

40. Making Choices – The Tradeoffs
Many decisions are interrelated and require input from several WG/GG groups
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

41. Superconducting RF Cavities
High Gradient Accelerator
35 MV/meter km linear collider
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

42. Improved Cavity Shapes
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

43. Improved Fabrication
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

44. Improved Processing Electropolishing
Chemical Polish
Electro Polish
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

45. (Improve surface quality -- pioneering work done at KEK)
Electro-polishing
(Improve surface quality -- pioneering work done at KEK)
BCP EP
Several single cell cavities at g > 40 MV/m
4 nine-cell cavities at ~35 MV/m, one at 40 MV/m
Theoretical Limit 50 MV/m
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

46. Gradient Results from KEK-DESY collaboration
must reduce spread (need more statistics)
single-cell measurements (in nine-cell cavities)
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

47. Baseline Gradient
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

48. Large Grain Single Crystal Nb Material
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

49. ILC Siting and Conventional Facilities
The design is intimately tied to the features of the site
1 tunnels or 2 tunnels?
Deep or shallow?
Laser straight linac or follow earth’s curvature in segments?
GDE ILC Design will be done to samples sites in the three regions
North American sample site will be near Fermilab
Japan and Europe are to determine sample sites by the end of 2005
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

50. 1 vs 2 Tunnels Tunnel must contain Save maybe $0.5B Issues
Linac Cryomodule
RF system
Damping Ring Lines
Save maybe $0.5B
Issues
Maintenance
Safety
Duty Cycle
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

51. Possible Tunnel Configurations
One tunnel of two, with variants ??
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

52. ILC Civil Program
Civil engineers from all three regions working to develop methods of analyzing the siting issues and comparing sites.
The current effort is not intended to select a potential site, but rather to understand from the beginning how the features of sites will effect the design, performance and cost
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

53. Beam Detector Interface
Tauchi
LCWS05
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

54. ACFA Joint Linear Collider Physics and Detector Working Group
“Our task is to continue studies on physics at the linear collider more precisely and more profoundly, taking into account progresses in our field, as well as on developments of detector technologies best suited for the linear collider experiment. As we know from past experiences, this will be enormously important to realize the linear collider.”
Akiya Miyamoto
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

55. Accelerator Physics Challenges
Develop High Gradient Superconducting RF systems
Requires efficient RF systems, capable of accelerating high power beams (~MW) with small beam spots(~nm).
Achieving nm scale beam spots
Requires generating high intensity beams of electrons and positrons
Damping the beams to ultra-low emittance in damping rings
Transporting the beams to the collision point without significant emittance growth or uncontrolled beam jitter
Cleanly dumping the used beams.
Reaching Luminosity Requirements
Designs satisfy the luminosity goals in simulations
A number of challenging problems in accelerator physics and technology must be solved, however.
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

56. Test Facility at KEK
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

57. Test Facility at SLAC
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

58. TESLA Test Facility Linac - DESY
laser driven electron gun
photon beam diagnostics
undulator
bunch compressor
superconducting accelerator modules
pre-accelerator
e- beam diagnostics
240 MeV
120 MeV
16 MeV
4 MeV
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

59. Fermilab ILC SCRF Program
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar

60. Internationl Linear Collider Timeline
Global Design Effort
Project
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
Technical Design
ILC R&D Program
Expression of Interest to Host
International Mgmt

61. Conclusions
We have determined a number of very fundamental physics questions to answer, like ….
What determines mass?
What is the dark matter?
Are there new symmetries in nature?
What explains the baryon asymmetry?
Are the forces of nature unified
We are developing the tools to answer these questions and discover new ones
Neutrino Physics
Large Hadron Collider
International Linear Collider
The next era of particle physics will be very exciting
9-Nov-05
LAL Orsay Seminar