1. TRPV1 Regulates Stress Responses through HDAC2
Sung Eun Wang, Seung Yeon Ko, Sungsin Jo, Miyeon Choi, Seung Hoon Lee, Hye-Ryeong Jo, Jee Young Seo, Sang Hoon Lee, Yong- Seok Kim, Sung Jun Jung, Hyeon Son 
Cell Reports 
Volume 19, Issue 2, Pages (April 2017)
DOI: /j.celrep
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2. Cell Reports 2017 19, 401-412DOI: (10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.050)
Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 1
Trpv1−/− Mice Display Enhanced Hippocampal Neurogenesis and a Reduced Overall Response to Stress
(A) Experimental design of cell proliferation studies.
(B) TRPV1 deficiency increased the number of BrdU(+) cells in the SGZ.
(C) Quantification of BrdU(+) cells (n = 5 per genotype).
(D) Experimental design of the cell survival studies following CUS for 14 days starting on day 2. BrdU (50 mg/kg) was given three times every 24 hr during an initial period of 3 days. The behavioral performance was measured for 3–4 consecutive days starting on day 17.
(E) Representative images of DG.
(F) CUS reduced the survival of NPCs in the GCL of WT and Trpv1−/− mice to the same extent. Two-way ANOVA showed the main effects of stress (F1,17 = 7.664, p = ) and genotype (F1,17 = 22.82, p = ) but no interaction (F1,17 = , p = ). Significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed t test (n = 5 per group).
(G) Trpv1−/− prevented an increase in plasma CORT after behavioral tests (home-caged WT, n = 6; home-caged Trpv1−/−, n = 5; post-behavior tests WT, n = 8; post-behavior tests Trpv1−/−, n = 11; CUS WT, n = 7; CUS Trpv1−/−, n = 8). Two-way ANOVA (main effects of interaction, F2,39 = 4.306, p = ; behavior test and stress, F2,39 = 5.365, p = ; genotype, F1,39 = 11.88, p = ) was followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test.
(H) FST. Trpv1−/− mice had a shorter immobility time than WT mice in the home cage and the stressful condition (n = 13, 16, 13, 17).
(I) NSFT. Trpv1−/− mice had a shorter latency than WT mice in the home cage or under CUS (n = 9, 8, 10, 7).
(J) LHT. There was no difference between WT and Trpv1−/− mice in the home cage, whereas the latency to escape was lower in Trpv1−/− mice under CUS (n = 15, 13, 10, 14). Two-way ANOVA (main effects of interaction, F1,48 = 4.874, p = ; stress, F1,48 = 6.502, p = ; genotype, F1,48 = 9.438, p = ) was followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. BrdU (red) and DAPI (blue).
Data are mean ± SEM. (H and I) Unpaired two-tailed t test. Scale bar, 200 μm. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p <
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4. Figure 2 Mice Lacking TRPV1 Express Lower Levels of HDAC2
(A) Representative blots of HDACs in DG and CA1 extracts.
(B) Quantification of (A) showing specific reductions of HDAC2 and HDAC5 in the DG of Trpv1−/− mice (WT, n = 4; Trpv1−/−, n = 3).
(C) ChIP assays. Decreased binding of GR to the Hdac2 promoter in the hippocampus of Trpv1−/− mice. (WT, n = 3; Trpv1−/−, n = 4).
(D) Hdac2 mRNA levels were decreased in the DG of Trpv1−/− mice (n = 3 per genotype).
(E and F) Reduced relative luciferase units (RLUs) of HDAC2 activity (E) and decreased RLU of class II HDAC activity (F) in DG lysates of Trpv1−/− mice. Luciferase activities were normalized to protein content (n = 4 independent experiments performed in triplicate).
(G) Representative blots showing histone acetylation in hippocampal histone extracts.
(H) Quantification of (G) showing increased histone modification in Trpv1−/− mice. Loading was normalized to total H3 or H4 (n = 3 per genotype).
(I) Representative blots of CoREST and mSin3A following immunoprecipitation of hippocampal extracts with Ab against HDAC2.
(J) Quantification of (I). Protein levels were normalized to inputs. There was less HDAC2 bound to co-repressor complexes in Trpv1−/− mice (n = 3 per genotype).
Values are means ± SEM (C, D, E, and F) or means ± SD (B, H, and J). Unpaired t test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p <
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5. Figure 3
TRPV1 Reduces Expression of Neurogenesis- and Plasticity-Related Genes via HDAC2 in the Hippocampus
(A) ChIP assays. Effects of TRPV1 deficiency on association of HDAC2 with gene promoters. Increased binding of HDAC2 to the p16 and p21 promoters and decreased binding to the Synaptophysin (SYP) and GLUR2 promoters in the hippocampus of Trpv1−/− mice (n = 3 per genotype).
(B) ChIP assays. Effect of TRPV1 deficiency on association of acH3 with gene promoters (n = 3 per genotype).
(C) ChIP assays. Effect of TRPV1 deficiency on association of acH4 with gene promoters (n = 3 per genotype).
(D) Representative blots in DG extracts.
(E) Quantification of the experiments in (D), showing decreased levels of CDKis in the DG of Trpv1−/− mice (n = 4 per genotype).
(F) Representative blots of synaptic molecules.
(G) Quantification of the results in (F). GluR1, GluR2, PSD95, and SYP protein levels are elevated in the DG of Trpv1−/− mice (n = 5 per genotype).
(H) Representative confocal images of NPCs in the DG, immunostained for Sox2 (green) and HDAC2 (red).
(I) High-power confocal image of a cell (arrowhead in H) co-expressing Sox2 (green) and HDAC2 (red) and stained for DAPI (blue). The bottom and right panels show images merged across the x and z axes.
(J) The number of Sox2(+) and HDAC2(+) cells (n = 3 per genotype).
(K) Representative western blot of neurogenesis-related proteins in DG.
(L) Quantification of experiments in (K) showing increased levels of NPC markers in the DG of Trpv1−/− mice (n = 4 per genotype).
(M) Immunoreactivity of AC3.
(N) AC3(+) cell counts in the SGZ (n = 3 per genotype).
Values represent means ± SEM of three or four independent experiments performed in triplicate (A, B, C, J, and N) and means ± SD (E, G, and L). Scale bars, 50 μm (H and K) and 15 μm (I). Unpaired t tests. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p <
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6. Figure 4
Knockdown of TRPV1 in the DG Produces Stress Resilience and Enhances Hippocampal Neurogenesis
(A) Targeting strategy for deleting TRPV1 mRNA. The mouse U6 promoter was used to drive the expression of TRPV1-shRNA (upper). Experimental design (lower).
(B) Localization of the lentivirus infection in the DG by GFP staining (left). Mouse TRPV1 and β-actin mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR (n = 6 per group) (middle), and TRPV1 protein was quantified by western blotting (n = 5 per group) (right).
(C) Representative images of DG. BrdU (red) and DAPI (blue).
(D) Quantification of BrdU(+) cells in (C) (n = 6 per group).
(E) Representative blots of DG lysates.
(F) Quantification of the results in (E) (n = 3 per group).
(G) Triple-immunostaining of lenti-shLuc (shRNA luciferase gene) or lenti-shTRPV1 infected neurons with anti-synapsin1, anti-MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and anti-GFP antibodies.
(H) Quantification of the number of synapsin1(+) MAP2(+) synaptic puncta per 10 μm of dendrite in lenti-shRNA-infected neurons (n = 15).
(I) FST. Animals infused with lenti-shTRPV1 displayed antidepressant-like behaviors in the FST in both non-stress and CUS conditions compared with animals infused with control virus (n = 17, 16, 7, 7 per group).
(J) LHT. Lenti-shTRPV1-infused mice had a shorter latency to escape than animals infused with control virus in non-stress and CUS conditions during trials 1–10 (n = 10, 9, 6, 6).
(B, D, F, and H) Unpaired one-tailed t test. Data are mean ± SEM. (I and J) Unpaired two-tailed t test. Scale bars, 100 μm (B), 200 μm (C), and 10 μm (G). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p <
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7. Figure 5
Capsaicin, a TRPV1 Agonist, Upregulates HDAC2 and Enhances Susceptibility to Stress
(A) Targeting strategy for blocking HDAC2 mRNA synthesis. The mouse U6 promoter was used to drive the expression of HDAC2-shRNA (upper). Experimental design (lower).
(B) GFP staining demonstrates the localization of the lentivirus infection of the DG.
(C) To assess the efficiency of lenti-shHDAC2, HDAC2 and β-actin protein levels were analyzed in lysates of the lenti-shHDAC2-infused DG by western blotting (n = 4 per group). Two-way ANOVA (main effect of interaction, F1,12 = 28.4, p = ; drug, F1,12 = 9.999, p = ; virus, F1,12 = 117.3, p < ) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test compared lenti-shLuc-infused with WT mice.
(D) Representative blots of synaptic molecules in the DG.
(E) Quantification of the results in (D). GluR2 and PSD95 protein levels were decreased in the DG of WT mice treated with CAP compared to control (n = 2–4 per group).
(F) Representative images of GFP(+) dendrites of granular cell layers (GCs).
(G) Quantification of dendritic spine density of the GCs shown in (F) (16–20 neurons from three or four animals per group). Two-way ANOVA (main effect of interaction, F1,67 = 14.31, p < ; drug, F1,67 = 4.281, p = ; virus, F1,67 = 29.34, p < ) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test.
(H) FST. WT mice treated with CAP had a longer immobility time than mice treated with vehicle (n = 8, 8, 7, 8 per group). Two-way ANOVA (main effect of interaction, F1,27 = 4.73, p = 0.038; drug, F1,27 = 5.552, p = 0.026) was followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test.
(I) Lenti-shHDAC2-infused WT mice had a shorter latency to escape than WT mice exposed to CAP in trials 1–10 (n = 7, 6, 5, 6 per group).
(J) Targeting strategy for overexpressing HDAC2 protein. Lentiviral vector containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was used to drive the expression of HDAC2 mRNA (upper). Experimental design (lower).
(K) RLUs of HDAC2 activity were elevated in DG lysates of lenti-HDAC2-mCherry-infused mice. Luciferase activities were normalized to protein content. (n = 5 per group).
(L) Lenti-HDAC2-mCherry-infused Trpv1−/− mice had a longer immobility time than lenti-mCherry-infused Trpv1−/− mice (n = 7, 7, 7, 6 per group). Two-way ANOVA (main effect of interaction, F1,23 = 4.947, p = ; genotype, F1,23 = 8.957, p = ) was followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test.
(M) Representative blots of GluR2, PSD95, p16, and CyclinD1 proteins in DG extracts.
(N) Quantification of the results in (M) (n = 3–4 per group).
(E, I, K, and N) Unpaired two-tailed t test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < Scale bars, 100 μm (B) and 10 μm (F). Values represent mean ± SEM.
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8. Figure 6
Schematic Diagram Illustrating the Involvement of TRPV1 in Stress Resilience via HDAC2
(A) Exposure to stress alters EBs, which are endogenous agonists of the TRPV1 receptor. Calcium influx through TRPV1 activation activates GR-induced gene transcription by Ca2+-dependent kinases (e.g., PKC).
(B) GR, as a transcription factor, contributes to elevated levels of HDAC2, which leads to repression of genes related to synaptic plasticity. In the nuclei of Trpv1−/− DG, repression of synaptic plasticity-related genes is reduced. HDAC2 binds to the CDKi promoters and negatively regulates expression. Reduction of p16 and p21 expression in TRPV1-deficient NPCs may lead to release of inhibition of cyclinD1/CDK4 complexes and in turn accelerate neuronal precursor proliferation. Reduction of p16 and p21 levels induces expression of CyclinD1 and Sox2, respectively, at the transcriptional level in a cell-cycle-independent manner. Increased p57 expression in the TRPV1-deficient DG may interact with basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors to regulate differentiation in a time- and context-dependent manner. This process may be related to p57 function in cell-cycle exit.
Cell Reports  , DOI: ( /j.celrep )
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