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Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

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Presentation on theme: "Thinking Critically With Psychological Science"— Presentation transcript:

1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

2 History and Development

3 History Psychological “heritage” comes from a varied background
Most scientists who pioneered early psychological advances were not psychologists

4 History First psychological observations completed by Wilhem Wundt
Found that people responded in 1/10 sec when asked to press a key when they heard a tone Freud Austrian biologist Developed first theory of personality Also defined the terms “unconscious”, “subconscious”, and “conscious”

5 History Darwin Pavlov Piaget Proposed evolutionary psychology
Russian physiologist Pioneered study of learning Piaget Biologist Recognized as the most influential observer of children’s behavior

6 History – Development of Subsets
Wundt, Freud focused on inner sensations Used Introspection as the main psychological device 1920’s Move from unobservable phenomena to external responses led the way towards behaviorism

7 History – Development of Subsets
John B. Watson What were the ethical concerns with this experiment? B. F. Skinner Experimented with pigeons Used food as reward, and pigeons soon pecked correctly

8 History – Development of Subsets
Humanistic psychology Emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people, further studied personality Developed by Maslow and Rogers Maslow developed hierarchy of needs Individual could not advance until basic needs were met

9 History – Development of Subsets
Cognitive Revolution Once again turned observations into the self Looked at how the mind processes/stores information Expanded on earlier introspective techniques

10 Modern Psychology : Current Perspectives

11 Current Perspectives In Psychology
Neuroscience Brian/Body enables emotions, memories, sensory experiences Evolutionary Natural selection of traits continues the genetic line Behavioral/Genetic Genetic/Environmental interaction influence individual differences

12 Current Perspectives in Psychology
Psychodynamic Behavior springs from unconscious drives/conflicts Behavioral Learning of observable responses Albert Bandura Cognitive Encoding, processing, storage, and retrieval of information

13 Current Perspectives in Psychology
Social-Cultural Behavior/thinking influenced by individual culture See Table 1.1 For This information

14 Major Issue in Psychology
Nature vs. Nurture Genetics vs. Environment Which one wins? Plato assumed psychological characteristics were inherited Aristotle proposed idea of tabula rasa

15 Current thinking on Nature Vs. Nurture
This is the part where nature and nurture interact and behavior, emotion, and thoughts emerge

16 Levels of Analysis Biopsychosocial Approach
Considers social, biological, and psychological factors Similar to other approaches of science as it considers the whole of the person, not just one element

17 Biopsychosocial Model

18 Subfields of Psychology
Out of “general” psychology, specialized subfields have emerged Biological – Explores links between the brain and the mind Developmental – Examines changing abilities as well as changing biological structures

19 Subfields of Psychology
Social – Explores how we influence and are influenced by others Cognitive – Explores perceptions, thoughts, problem solving techniques Personality – Explores persistent traits shown by individuals

20 Subfields of Psychology
Industrial/Organizational – increase workplace productivity, HR management Counseling – Help people cope with challenges, addictions, personal problems

21 Subfields of Psychology
Clinical -- Assess mental health of individuals as well as treat emotional, mental, and behavioral issues Psychiatrists -- specialized MD’s licensed to prescribe psychoactive medications, treat physical causes of psychological problems

22 Modern Psychology : Research Methods

23 Research Methods Two ways to conduct research in psychology: Applied
Basic Tackles practical problems such as workplace satisfaction, life satisfaction, marital satisfaction This is done by industrial/organization psychologists

24 Research Methods Basic
Research which builds psychologies knowledge base This type includes research done by Social, Cognitive, Personality, Behavioral, and Developmental psychologists

25 Research Methods Hindsight Bias Overconfidence
I knew that <insert name> was going to do that. 20/20 Hindsight Overconfidence People often report high confidence levels even though they are mistaken Sometimes its right…

26 Research Methods Case Study Survey Naturalistic Observation
Correlation

27 Avoiding Research Errors
Experimental Manipulation Dependent Variable Independent Variable

28 Questions Jot the answers to these questions down
Is Boston south or North of Paris? List the colors of a stop light in sequential order (top to bottom) Name three consecutive days without using the words Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday or Sunday

29 Confidence One more – Rate your confidence in your answers alongside them How confident are you that you got all three correct?

30 Answers Paris is North of Boston Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow
The door with the three lions…they are dead

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