1. Amending the Constitution
“We must never forget that it is…a Constitution intended to endure for the ages to come, and, consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs.”
-John Marshall, 1819

2. The Amendment Process
I. The Amendment Process A. Proposing & Ratifying Amendments

3. Informal Changes
II. Informal Changes A. Changes through Law 1. Article I a.“lay and collect taxes” 2. Article II a. cabinet departments, boards, agencies, commissions 3. Article III a. establishment of new courts B. Changes through Practices 1. Impeachment: Article II Section 4 “The President, VP, and all civil Officers of the U.S. shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”

4. Informal Presidential Changes
III. Informal Presidential Changes A. Presidential Succession: 1. 25th Amendment B. Foreign affairs 1. Executive Orders a. No Senate Approval 2. Treaties C. Domestic Affairs ex. New Deal Programs

5. Court Decisions
IV. Court Decisions A. Judicial Review 1. judicial restraint -court leaves social and political questions to other 2 branches 2. judicial activism -court should play a role in shaping national policies.