1. CELL REPRODUCTION
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of relationships between structures and functions in living things
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell in cell reproduction

2. VOCABULARY DIPLOID CELL GAMETE MEIOSIS CARCINOGENS APOPTOSIS
CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS
INTERPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
SOMATIC CELLS
CELL CYCLE
CHROMOSOME
CANCER
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
GAMETOGENESIS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
TUMOR
BENIGN
DIPLOID CELL
GAMETE
MEIOSIS
CARCINOGENS
APOPTOSIS
CLEAVAGE FURROW
CELL PLATE
CELL REPRODUCTION
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
GROWTH FACTORS
MALIGNANT

3. LEQ: What are the two types of cellular reproduction?

4. Cell Reproduction Each organism has a specific number of chromosomes
Made of DNA store/transfer genetic info
If the chromosome number is not maintained from generation to generation mutations may evolve.
Humans have 46 chromosomes

5. Cell Reproduction
Two types of cell division maintain chromosome number from generation to generation:
Mitosis
Meiosis

6. MITOSIS Process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents
Produces diploid cells from diploid cells
Cell that contains two copies of each chromosome, one from mother and one from father.
Occurs in somatic/body cells

7. Cell Reproduction Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division
The cell cycle has four main stages
Gap 1 (G1)
DNA Synthesis (S)
Gap 2 (G2)
Mitosis (M)
INTERPHASE

8. The Cell Cycle 4 Stages Main Stages: Gap1 (G1) DNA synthesis (S)
Cell growth & normal functions
DNA synthesis (S)
Copies DNA
Gap2 (G2)
Additional growth, DNA checkpoint
Mitosis (M)
Includes division of cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Only occurs if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged.

9. The Cell Cycle Interphase prepares the cell to divide (G1, S, G2)
During interphase, the DNA is duplicated.
Interphase is followed by Mitosis and cytokinesis (M)
Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
Parent cell
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

10. The Cell Cycle Mitosis (M)
Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

11. The Cell Cycle Phases of Mitosis
During Prophase, chromosome condense and spindle fibers form.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers

12. The Cell Cycle Phases of Mitosis
During Metaphase, chromosome line up in the middle of the cell.
Metaphase Plate

13. The Cell Cycle Phases of Mitosis
During Anaphase, sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.

14. The Cell Cycle Phases of Mitosis (M)
During Telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Cleavage Furrow

15. The Cell Cycle Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells
Division of cytoplasm
In animal cell, the membrane pinches closed (forms a cleavage furrow)
In plant cell, a cell plate forms to separate cells.

16. The Cell Cycle Cytokinesis
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Plate
Cleavage Furrow

17. MEIOSIS Process that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells
Cell that only has one set of chromosomes
Important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction
Sex cell (egg or sperm cell)
Occurs in sex cells of reproductive organs

18. Process of Meiosis
During Meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid cells
Role of Meiosis:
Reduces chromosome number
Increase genetic diversity

19. Process of Meiosis Cell go through two rounds of division Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Each have four phases similar to mitosis

20. Process of Meiosis Meiosis I Occurs after DNA has been replicated
Divides homologous chromosomes in 4 phases.
Homologous chromosomes are similar
but not identical.
- Code for same traits
homologous chromosomes
MOM
DAD
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Metaphase

21. Process of Meiosis
Meiosis II
Divides sister chromatids in four phases.
Sister chromatids are copies of the same chromosome.
DNA is not replicated between
meiosis I and II.
sister
chromatids
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

22. Process of Meiosis
Haploid cells created by meiosis develop into mature gametes.
Gametogenesis is the production of gametes.
Differs between females and males

23. Process of Meiosis Sperm become streamlined and motile
Sperm primarily contribute DNA to embryo
The egg gets most of the contents; the other cells form polar bodies
Egg contributes DNA, cytoplasm, & organelles to embryo

24. Similar to mitosis, but there are some important differences
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Similar to mitosis, but there are some important differences
Mitosis
Produces 2 genetically identical somatic cells
Produces diploid cells
Undergoes 1 cell division
Meiosis
Produces 4 genetically different germ cells
Produces haploid cells
Undergoes 2 cell divisions
Meiosis I, Meiosis II

25. Concept Check: Meiosis produces human cells with how many chromosomes?44 23 46 15

26. Concept Check
4. Two similar chromosomes that you inherit from your parents ( one from your mother, one from you father) are called
a. homologous chromosomes
b. sister chromatids
c. sex chromosomes
d. homozygous alleles

27. Concept Check 5. Which of the following cell types is diploid?
a. sex cell
b. gamete
c. sperm cell
d. zygote

28. Regulation of Cell Reproduction
Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.
Internal and external factors regulate cell division

29. The Cell Cycle Cells divide at different rates.
The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells
Some cells are unlikely to divide.

30. The Cell Cycle Cell size is limited
Volume increases faster than surface area.
Cell growth is coordinated with division

31. The Cell Cycle Surface Area
Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials
Cells that must be large have unique shapes

32. The Cell Cycle Regulation
External factors include physical and chemical signals
Example: growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division.
Most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish an stop dividing once they tough other cells.

33. The Cell Cycle Regulation
Internal factors regulate growth from inside the cell
Two of the most important:
Kinases
Cyclins
Internal factors are triggered by external factors, both of which will affect the cell cycle.

34. The Cell Cycle Regulation
Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
Normal feature in healthy organisms
Caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes
Occurs in development of infants.
webbed fingers

35. The Cell Cycle Regulation
Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors
Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions
Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell cycle regulation.

36. The Cell Cycle Regulation
Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed.
Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.

37. The Cell Cycle Regulation
Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer
Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells.

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