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Biology
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What Is Climate?
What Is Climate?
Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
Climate refers to the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
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What Is Climate?
Climate is caused by:
trapping of heat by the atmosphere
latitude
transport of heat by winds and ocean currents
amount of precipitation
shape and elevation of landmasses
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The Greenhouse Effect
Sunlight
Some heat escapes into space
Atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range.
It is called the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slow down the loss of heat to space. These greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which helps maintain Earth’s temperature range.
Atmosphere
Earth’s Surface
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5. The Effect of Latitude on Climate
As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones:
polar,
temperate, and
tropical
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6. The Effect of Latitude on Climate
Earth’s Main Climate Zones
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Polar
66.5°N
Arctic Circle
Temperate
Sunlight
Tropic of Cancer
23.5°N
Equator
Most direct sunlight 0°
Tropical
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5°S
Earth has three main climate zones. These climate zones are caused by the unequal heating of Earth's surface. Near the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly. Near the poles, the sun's rays strike Earth's surface at a lower angle. The same amount of solar energy is spread out over a larger area, heating the surface less than at the equator.
Sunlight
Temperate
Antarctic Circle
66.5°S
Sunlight
Polar
90°S South Pole
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7. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere.
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8. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Earth’s Winds
WINDS
Polar Easterlies
66.5°N
Westerlies
23.5°N
Northeast Trade Winds 0°
Equator
23.5°S
Southeast Trade Winds
Earth's winds and ocean currents interact to help produce Earth's climates. The curved paths of some currents and winds are the result of Earth's rotation.
Westerlies
66.5°S
Polar
Easterlies
Prevailing winds
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9. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Ocean Currents
OCEAN CURRENTS
66.5°N
23.5°N
Equator 0°
23.5°S
Earth's winds and ocean currents interact to help produce Earth's climates. The curved paths of some currents and winds are the result of Earth's rotation.
66.5°S
Warm currents
Cold currents
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10. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors.
Biotic – biological factors
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11. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors include:
temperature
precipitation
humidity
wind
nutrient availability
soil type
sunlight
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12. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem?
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13. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
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The Niche
The Niche
A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat
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15. Community Interactions
What interactions occur within communities?
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16. Community Interactions
Competition
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.
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17. Community Interactions
Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive.
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
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18. Community Interactions
The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. 18 12
Feeding height (m)
Cape May Warbler
Each of these warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat. By feeding in different areas of the tree, the birds avoid competing with one another for food.
Bay-Breasted Warbler 6
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
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19. Community Interactions
Predation
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation.
The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey.
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20. Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.
Zombie Coral Reef
Symbiotic relationships include:
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
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21. Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.
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22. Ecological Succession
What is ecological succession?
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23. Ecological Succession
This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.
Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance.
At other times, change occurs as a more gradual response to natural fluctuations in the environment.
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24. Ecological Succession
Primary Succession
On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt.
The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.
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25. Ecological Succession
In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash.
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26. Ecological Succession
The first organisms to appear are lichens.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash.
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27. Ecological Succession
Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash.
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28. Ecological Succession
Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash.
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29. Ecological Succession
Secondary Succession
Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires.
When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. 
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4-2
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4-2
Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche?
water
a heron
climate
day length
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4-2
An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because
The niche does not include the place where the organism lives.
the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives.
the niche includes only abiotic factors.
the niche includes only biotic factors.
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4-2
The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called
competition.
predation.
symbiosis.
cooperation.
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4-2
An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called
symbiosis.
mutualism.
commensalism.
parasitism.
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4-2
When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually
grasses and shrubs.
pioneers such as lichens.
small plants such as mosses.
small animals such as rodents.
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36. END OF SECTION