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Reconstruction Devastated South – Sherman’s campaign was brutal
Rebuilding necessary Readmitting States ? Lincoln’s Vision – Wanted to offer forgiveness, lenient Believed that Confederacy never legally left Wanted to make process fast Ten-Percent Plan – All Confederates Pardoned Exception was officers accused of crimes against POWs 10% take an oath, form new government Regain representation
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Johnson… Is not only the best teacher I have ever had, but also the nicest person I have ever met. He is so generous, kindhearted, HILAROUS, compassionate, and fun-loving. What a great educational experience it has been to be in his class, I am forever changed.
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Johnson… Democrat “staunch” Unionist He seemed to want a harsh remedy
Generally followed Lincoln’s plan Withdraw secession Swear allegiance Pay war debts Ratify Thirteenth Amendment No mention of plan for former slaves - Radicals mad White Southerners relieved Johnson did not want freed slaves to vote Pardoned 13,000 Confederates to have whites in power 58 of the newly elected were former traitors Many Northerners felt betrayed Many former slaves did too
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Assignation changes everything
Resistance – Many wanted a punishment Radical Republicans Charles Sumner (M) and Thaddeus Stevens (P) Sought to eliminate political power Give full citizenship to African-Americans All rights to vote (no other country had done this) Wade-Davis Bill – Gave Congress control of Reconstruction Majority of State had to take Oath Lincoln uses pocket veto 10 days to sign or veto or becomes law Congressional session was less than 10 days from being over Dismissal of Congress voids bill Assignation changes everything
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Civil Rights Johnson believed Reconstruction to be done
Radicals disagreed Moderates called for new legislation Freedmen’s Bureau – Hospitals, cloths, food, schools, work Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Citizenship for blacks Forbade black codes Johnson vetoed – Felt that it went beyond the Constitution All sides angered by Johnson Reconstruction cannot move without compromise Both moderates and radicals begin to work together
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Fourteenth Amendment Provided for citizenship
Citizens can vote, Civil Rights Act veto void Southern states would lose representation if they prevented voting Southern states did not ratify, until 1868 Vetoes get Johnson in trouble – Not carrying out office Tenure of Office Act Impeachment process began One vote shy of impeachment
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Grant Wins in 1868 Cooperative president – Fifteenth Amendment
Enforcement Act 1870 Social issues take center stage – Devastated landscape Devastated economy Public Works programs The Deceivers – Scalawags Carpetbaggers Political power – African-Americans gain influence Scalawags return to Democrats
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African-Americans New Power – Voting Freedom School Jobs Shelter
Religion Reunion Freedman’s Bureau Political Influence Segregation
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Economics Plantations –
Prevented poor whites and former slaves from land ownership Labor need still existed Sharecropping Tenant farming Poverty Cycle Decreased demand for cotton A need existed for a new economy
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Social Turmoil KKK – Strengthen power of whites
Threaten and intimidate blacks Keep progress of blacks limited Scandal – Credit Mobilier Republican fragmentation Whiskey Ring Bribery - Secretary of War William Belknap Economic – Panic of 1873 Currency – Greenbacks and the Gold standard
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End of Reconstruction Redemption –
Southern Republicans return to Democrats Hayes v. Tilden Hayes wins… Deal was made Withdraw of federal troops Building of Railroad Improve rivers, harbors, and bridges Southerner in the Cabinet Compromise of 1877 Home Rule returns – This meant that Southerners could make state legislation that favored the whites, and in essence allowed them to promote segregation, discrimination, and racism for another hundred years before the federal government would again step in.
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