1. By Amany Helmy Hasanin Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamic-1 By
Amany Helmy Hasanin
Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacology

2. Welcome to Pharmacology

3. Pharmacology Science deals with drugs Nature Body's reaction to drugs
Drug's reaction to body
Therapeutic uses (Indications)
Adverse drug reactions (Side effects)
Doses
Preparations
Administration
الاستخدامات العلاجية
التفاعلات الدوائية الضارة
دواعي الإستعمال

4. Drug Chemical substance Alters body functions
Can be used for, prevention, treatment or diagnosis or suppression of physiological process

5. Drug Development Drug Discovery Evaluation in Animals
Evaluation in Humans

6. Evaluation in Animals
Pharmacologic Profile
Safety & Toxicity Studies

7. Safety & Toxicity Studies
Acute Toxicity studies
Subacute Toxicity studies
Chronic Toxicity studies

8. Evaluation in Humans
Phase I
Small number of healthy volunteers
Phase II
Small number of patients
Phase III
Large number of patients
Phase IV
Post-marketing surveillance & post-licensing studies additional efficacy & toxicity

9. (official or approved name)
Drug Nomenclature
Chemical name
Acetylsalicylic acid
Generic name
Aspirin
(official or approved name)
Trade name
Aspocid, Rivo
(The commercial )

10. Pharmacopeia
A book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations
Issued by an officially recognized authority
Serving as a standard

11. Essential medicines (drugs)
Drugs that satisfy the priority health care
Their choice depends on their safety, efficacy and low cost
Should be available at all times in adequate amounts, suitable dosage forms and low cost
WHO releases a list of essential medicines and national lists for individual countries
Allow improved availability of medicines, cost saving and more rational use of drugs

12. From Animal to Human!!!

13. Pharmacology Science deals with drugs Nature Body's reaction to drugs
Drug's reaction to body
Therapeutic uses (Indications)
Adverse drug reactions (Side effects)
Doses
Preparations
Administration
الاستخدامات العلاجية
التفاعلات الدوائية الضارة
دواعي الإستعمال

14. % Response
Dose (Log)
Dose-response curve

15. Effective dose fifty ED50
100%
% of Responders
50%
ED50
Dose (Log)

16. Effective dose fifty ED50
The dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in 50% of experimental animals

17. Lethal dose fifty LD50
100%
% Mortality
50%
LD50
Dose (Log)

18. The dose that kills 50% of experimental animals
Lethal dose fifty LD50
The dose that kills 50% of experimental animals
(2 species and 2 routes)

19. Therapeutic effect
Toxicity
Percentage
50%
ED50
LD50
Dose (Log)

20. Therapeutic
effect
Toxicity
Percentage
50%
ED50
LD50
Dose (Log)

21. Therapeutic index (TI)
Is the ratio between ED50 & LD50
TI = LD50/ED50
Gives idea about the safety of the drug
The higher the TI, the…………….the drug
safer

22. Pharmacology Science deals with drugs Nature Body's reaction to drugs
Drug's reaction to body
Therapeutic uses (Indications)
Adverse drug reactions (Side effects)
Doses
Preparations
Administration

28. Pharmacodynamics What drugs do to the organism
They are the studies of the biological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action

29. Pharmacology Science deals with drugs Nature Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic uses (Indications)
Adverse drug reactions (Side effects)
Doses
Preparations
Administration

30. Pharmacological Response
Response may be intended (Therapeutic Effect, Indications) Response may be unintended (Harmful) (Adverse Effect, Side effects)

31. What is the clinical importance of studying drug's Ph. kinetics & Ph
What is the clinical importance of studying drug's Ph. kinetics & Ph. dynamics

32. Mechanism (Mode) of Action of Drugs
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Mechanism (Mode) of Action of Drugs
Receptor mediated
Non-receptor mediated

33. Receptor Specific cellular macromolecules (usually proteins)
Cell membrane or Intracellular
Interact with a ligand (binding)

34. Receptor (Cont.)
Sensitive
Very small concentration of ligand → elicit the action
Selective
Each receptor has the type of ligand to interact with
Specific
Elicit the same response each time they interact with ligand

35. Types of ligands
Agonist
RESPONSE
Antagonist

36. Agonist Vs Antagonist Agonist binds to receptors to activate it
Agonist possess affinity and efficacy
Antagonist binds to receptors without activating it
Antagonist possess affinity with no efficacy

37. Drugs work as agonists or antagonists?

38. How the receptor elicit a response?

39. Signal Transduction
Inactive
Active

41. Tyrosine Kinase linked Regulating Transcription
Signal Transduction Systems
Tyrosine Kinase linked
Ion Channels
G protein- Coupled
Regulating Transcription
NO receptors NO

42. Tyrosine Kinase linked Regulating Transcription
Signal Transduction Systems
Tyrosine Kinase linked
Ion Channels
G protein- Coupled
Regulating Transcription
NO receptors NO

43. Tyrosine Kinase linked Regulating Transcription
Signal Transduction Systems
Tyrosine Kinase linked
Ion Channels
G protein- Coupled
Regulating Transcription
NO receptors NO

44. Tyrosine Kinase linked Regulating Transcription
Signal Transduction Systems
Tyrosine Kinase linked
Ion Channels
G protein- Coupled
Regulating Transcription
NO receptors NO

45. Tyrosine Kinase linked Regulating Transcription
Signal Transduction Systems
Tyrosine Kinase linked
Ion Channels
G protein- Coupled
Regulating Transcription
NO receptors NO

46. At the end I am expecting from you to be able to
Define and understand basic terms in pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacological actions
Describe the major animal and clinical studies carried out in drug development
Define effective dose 50 and lethal dose 50
Specify types of ligands
Describe the different signaling mechanisms for drug receptor interaction and their impact on drugs actions