1. Putting the Pieces Together
DNA Technology
Putting the Pieces Together

2. Types of Technology DNA technology includes many important techniques.
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Restriction Enzyme Analysis
Cloning
Recombinant DNA technology
DNA Fingerprinting

3. Techniques Each technique has a particular function.
Let’s first examine the overall function of DNA technology

4. Oh The Possibilities!!
Bacteria can be used to grow important proteins needed by humans.
Insulin
Blood Clotting Proteins
Digestive Enzymes

5. Oh The Possibilities!!
Bacteria can also be used to recycle nutrients and waste products.
Some bacteria can even be engineered to clean up oil spills and chemical spills.

7. Oh The Possibilities
Plants could be engineered that have more nutrients in them.
Plants and crops could be engineered to be pest resistant (so bugs won’t eat them)

9. To Modify or Not To Modify?

10. Both Sides of the Story Pro’s
Genetically modified foods (crops) can save money in the long run
Genetically modified foods (crops) can be beneficial to 3rd world countries with nutritional problems
CONs
The long term effects of such crops are unknown
Genetically modified plants can mix with natural plants and create a genetic mess

11. Oh The Possibilities!!
With an increased knowledge of the genes within humans, medicines can be engineered specifically for individuals.
Gene Therapy replaces defective genes in targeted cells (insulin gene in pancreatic cells for diabetics)
Genetic testing makes it possible to know the fate of unborn children before they are born, this can prevent high-risk pregnancies.

14. Oh The Possibilities!!
Solving crimes, testing for paternity and other legal matters are solved instantly through DNA technology techniques.

15. How do they do all of that??
Let’s take a closer look at the techniques used in DNA Technology

16. The Most Important Molecule: Restriction Enzyme
Restriction Enzymes are enzymes that cut the DNA at particular locations.
They are made by bacterial cells and can be taken from bacteria and used in DNA technology

17. Gel Electrophoresis
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at a designated location.
The now “cut up” DNA is loaded into a Gel
An electrical current runs through the gel and the DNA pieces are separated by size
The gel can then be examined.

19. The Purpose Gel Electrophoresis is used to compare DNA samples.
Solve a crime
Paternity Test
Evolutionary Analysis
Relatedness

21. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA into pieces
The desired gene is separated from the rest of the DNA.
The gene (section of DNA) is put through a series of heat/spin cycles
The gene is copied hundreds of times for lab use.

23. The Purpose The purpose of PCR is to make multiple copies of a gene.
This gene can then be inserted into various organisms (bacteria or virus’) in order to make the desired protein.

24. Cloning
In order to clone you must have two cells. 1- egg cell 1- body cell of the desired clone
Remove the nucleus from the egg cell
Remove the nucleus from the body cell
Insert the body cell nucleus into the egg cell
Stimulate egg cell with hormones to simulate fertilization
Egg cell will multiply as a zygote and eventually form an indentical organism to the original one.

26. The Purpose Replacement organs, tissues, cells
Revive endangered species
Bring back extinct species

27. Conclusion
DNA Technology has been changing the world for the past 50 years.
With the use of certain techniques there are almost no limits to the future of DNA technology.
Ethics plays a role in DNA technology

28. References

29. References http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/c7.20.7.pcr.jpg