1. Maternal deprivation induces a rapid decline in circulating leptin levels and sexually dimorphic modifications in hypothalamic trophic factors and cell turnover Viveros et. al.
Kristi Tschetter
2/12/10

2. Overview of Chiaruttini et. al.
Coding region common to all BDNF transcipts that contains a constitutively active dendritic targeting signal
Targeting signal is suppressed in transcripts containing exons 1 or 4 these are resistricted to the soma and proximal dendrites
Targeting signal is mediated by translin (RNA-binding protein implicated in RNA trafficking)
Translin binding is disrupted by the G196A (or Val66Met mutation)
G196A mutation blocks dendritic targeting of BDNF mRNA by disrupting its interaction with translin

3. BDNF Transcipts
Multiple BDNF transcripts are generated by alternative splicing on one 5’ exon with a shared 3’ exon containing the entire BDNF coding region and either a long or a short 3’ UTR sequence
Exon 1 and 4 transcripts are localized in the cell soma
Exon 2 and 6 transcripts show a somatodendritic localization
Splice variants appear to encode spatial localization signals used to preferentially regulate BDNF expression in different subcellular domains

4. Overall
Translin mediates the constitutive dendritic targeting signal located in the CDS and this targeting mechanism is conserved in rat and human BDNF mRNA
Evidence that translin/trax complex mediates dendritic targeting of BDNF mRNA
BDNF coding region common to all BDNF slice variants is sufficient to direct constitutive targeting of BDNF mRNAs to the distal dendritic compartment

5. Figure 6

6. Figure 3

7. Figure 4

8. Results Characterization of this signal has demonstrated that
Can be overridden by the 5’ UTRs of BDNF mRNA isoforms (exon 1 and 4) that are retained in the cell body and proximal dendrites
Mediated by translin
Blocked by the G196A (Val66Met) mutation

9. Results
G196A substitution affinity impairs dendritic trafficking of BDNF mRNA through the disruption of its interaction with translin
G196A SNP blocks dendritic trafficking of BDNF mRNA implies that phenotypic changes induced by this mutation, such as reduced hippocampal memory deficits complexity and volume, as well as memory deficits and susceptibility to mood disorders may be due to this effect

10. Discussion
SNP may also impair BDNF protein sorting by disrupting its interaction with sortilin (a vasicular membrane protein implicated in membrane trafficking)
G196A SNP interferes with BDNF processing by disrupting trafficking of both BDNF mRNA and protein through distinct mechanisms

11. Sirianni et. al. Overview
BDNF is closed linked with neuronal survival and plasticity in psychiatric disorders
Engineered a degradable, injectable alginate microspheres to continuously deliver BDNF to the dorsal hippocampus of rats for 2 days
non-degradable implantable poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) matrices to continuously deliver BDNF to the dorsal hippocampus of rats for more than 1 week

12. Overview
Small dose from a single infusion or from a 2 day sustained release alginate implant produced anti-depressant-like effects
Prolonged delivery of BDNF resulted in a dysregulation of plasticity-related functions: increased dose and duration of BDNF delivery  increased levels of TrkB, ERK, CREB, and phosphorylated ERK, while also producing decreased phosphorylated CREB

13. Overview
Direct administration of neurotrophic factors in animals increases sprouting and growth of neurons
Learning and adaptive deficiencies observed in depressive phenotypes are the consequence of decreased neuroplasticity due to loss of neurotrophic growth in the brain
Loss of BDNF may underlie major depression
Antidepressant treatment is associated with increased expression of BDNF

14. Goals
Examine behavioral and biochemical effects of BDNF delivery to the hippocampus
Develop drug delivery devices which could be used for future exploration of the biological effects of compounds that do not normally cross the blood brain barrier

15. Figure 1

16. Methods Stereotactic surgery
Target the CA1 and DG regions of the dorsal hippocampus

17. Behavioral Test Methods
Open Field
Forced Swim Test

18. Figure 2

19. Figure 3

20. Figure 4

21. Figure 5

22. Table 1

23. Table 2

24. Discussion
EVAc and alginate materials were effective vehicles that could be used to deliver varying rates and doses of bioactive DNF to a local tissue region
Advantages of alginate implants:
Allows for high loading of drug in polymer with the use of an aqueous solvent
Doses can be administered by the same infusion protocols used for fluid infusions

25. Discussion EVAc implant advantages
No drug is lost in the formulation steps and total loading of drug in polymer is known exactly
Geometry of the implants can be altered in order to target larger tissue regions
Can be designed to deliver sustained doses of drug for longer periods of time than alginate materials

26. Results
One-time bilateral infusion (25µg) of BDNF produced antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test
Delivery of BDNF from alginate microspheres was also antidepressant-like
Delivery of BDNF from EVAc matrices was not antidepressant-like, even when the total dose was high (11µg)

27. Results BDNF function may be mediated via serotonergic action
Selectively enhanced swimming behavior is consistent with other published reports demonstrating enhanced serotonergic function and the sprouting of survival of serotonergic neurons after the direct delivery of BDNF
Sustained exposure to BDNF may interfere with its previously reported antidepressant-like effects

28. Results Two key features of BDNF
Relationship between neuroplasticity-related behavior and neuroplasticity-related biochemistry is complex
Precise effect of BDNF individual components of neuroplasticity-related processes depends on how it is delivered
Dysregulation of BDNF-associated plasticity related pathways was observed after the sustained delivery of BDNF in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat

29. Overview of Viveros et. al.
Circulating corticosterone levels were increased and glucose and leptin levels decreased throughout the study in both sexes
Hypothalmic mRNA levels of leptin receptor increased significantly at MD24 in both sexes, normalizing in females at MD36, but not in males.
Male rats insulin-like growth factor mRNA levels decreased at MD12 and MD24, with both trophic factors unaffected in females

30. Overview
Males cell proliferation was significantly decreased at MD36, as were the glial structural proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin
Females nestin levels decreased significantly at MD24
MD differentially affects trophic factors and cell-turnover in the hypothalamus of males and females  may underlie the sex differences seen in the endocrine and metabolic outcome

31. Background
MS results in specific metabolic and hormonal alterations and delayed corporal growth
MD  ↑corticosterone levels  exert changes on neurodevelopment including neurotrophic factors (NGF and BDNF), induces synaptic modifications, and ↑ neurodegeneration and possibly gliosis

32. Hypothesis
During MD circulating and locally produced factors produced in the hypothalamic development are modified in a sexually dimorphic manner differentially affecting cell-turnover in the developing hypothalamus of males and females

33. Methods Adult Wistar rats
Reversed 12-h light-dark cycle (lights on at 20:00)
Free access to rat chow
On day of birth PND0, litters were culled to 8 pups per dam (4 males and 4 females) did not cross foster
Total of 12 rats in each experimental group
Serum from all rats run in hormone analyses (n=11-12)
½ hypothalami were used for protein analysis (n=6) and ½ for mRNA analysis (n=6) with 2 rats from each of the 3 litters used in each analysis

34. Maternal Deprivation (MD)
On the morning of PND9 beginning at 9:00 mothers from the deprived group were removed and placed in a cage beside the homecage in the same room
For baseline measures and circadian variations pups of both sexes were sacrificed on the morning of PND9 at 9:00
Both controls and test pups were killed 12h after the start of MD (Ct12 n=12 and MD12 n=12) and 24h after MD (Ct24 n=12 and MD24 n=24)
On PND10, mothers were returned to the cage of their respective litters and 12h later another experimental group was sacrificed (Ct36, n=12 and MD36 n=16)

35. Figure 1A

36. Figure 1B

37. Figure 2A

38. Figure 2B

39. Figure 2C

40. Figure 3A

41. Figure 3B

42. Figure 3C and 3D

43. Figure 4

44. Figure 5A and 5B

45. Figure 5C and 5D

46. Figure 5E and 5F

47. Discussion
Early MD has sexually dimorphic effects on the developing hypothalamus
Basal levels of tropic factors such as IGF-1 and BDNF differ between the sexes and are modulated in a sex-specific manner during the separation period
Sex differences in trophic factors are associated with differences in cell proliferation and cell specific markers

48. Discussion
MD differentially affects cell development in the hypothalamus of male and female rats which could underlie the differences observed between the sexes in the pathological effects in the adult animal
Both males and females have a significant increase in circulating corticosterone and a dramatic increase in leptin levels in response to MD which may be involved with some of the later endocrine outcomes

50. Detected Subcellular Localization Using in situ Hybridization

51. Localization of these transcipts parallels the transcripts in vivo even through they lack the BDNF 3’UTR

52. KCl did not effect the localization of any of the BDNF-GFP chimaeric mRNAs or GFP-tubulin