1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Time Period:1750 – 1900
Region: England (Great Britain) - Diffusion of the I.R. occurs through out this time period worldwide (In order, Europe, US, Japan, Russia are first to follow)
Background: Ideas of private property and opportunity from the Enlightenment are embraced, and as opportunities for personal wealth rise, the ideas of equality for all are ignored.

3. Before the Industrial Revolution
Fastest form of transportation on land? Water?
Typical job for all people?
Typical distance travelled from home?
Typical household goods?
Where did peoples clothes come from?

4. Cause # 1: England’s Wealth: Capital
The Age of Exploration and colonization made many English merchants very wealthy
These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials

5. Cause # 2: England’s Access to
Raw Materials
Food – B/C of crops from New world, population is skyrocketing, which = massive labor force, lots of people eager to move to cities looking for work
Coal – massive natural reserves of coal near the surface – used to power the first engine, the Steam Engine
Iron – basic building block of large machines, railroad tracks, trains, and ships
Iron production went up from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million tons in 1844 – more than the rest of the world was producing combined!
Great Britain produced as much coal and iron as every other country combined in the mid 1700s

8. Cause # 3: New Technology
New farm tech: seed drill, improved breeding and crop rotation methods = farming could be done by fewer people = people moving to cities to find jobs
Mass production/Division of Labor - Machine tools, interchangeable parts
The electric Telegraph
Main invention: Steam Engine – leads to Mechanization
Led to steamships, railroads, factories
This encouraged other inventors after seeing profits, chain reaction

9. James Watt and the Steam Engine

11. Cause #4: Colonies and Improving Trade (places to sell their stuff)
Better roads to improve land transport
England had more colonies than any other nation by 1750
Places to sell exports: Tools, Guns, clocks, cotton and wool textiles ($$$$)
Its colonies gave England access to vast amounts of raw materials not available in England
Rubber, Coal, Cotton, Iron, Timber, etc.
Most successful colonies include the American colonies and India

12. The British Empire at its Height (C. 1800-1850)

13. Cause # 5: Geography Island has excellent harbors and ports
Many rivers and canals for transportation
Government is stable (Magna Carta C. 1200)
Legal Protection of Property (English Bill of Rights C. 1700)

15. EFFECTS of the Industrial Revolution
In groups: Brainstorm before we move on – what are some possible effects the Industrial Revolution had, based on what you know thus far?

16. Farming Before the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural methods had not changed much since the Middle Ages
Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow
Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the land fallow (unplanted) each year to restore fertility to the soil

17. Effect # 1: Farming Upgrades
The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms
The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed
More food surplus
The industrial revolution created the ability to produce more crops, and rapidly increasing populations increased the need for more crops.
Food to eat
Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

18. Effect 1.5 – Cotton and Iron!!
All of the wonder of Industrialization was first used to turn raw materials (Cotton, Iron, Coal), into manufactured goods (Cotton Textiles!!!!!!)
Think of how many goods you use are cloth!!!!
Iron was made much cheaper and in a higher quality way – discovered in England in the 1790s – breakthrough for making tools, weapons, door hinges, pots, pans, forks, bridges,

19. Effect # 2:Factory System
New Steam Engine used to create massive buildings that house giant machines powered by steam
Mechanization of industry (cotton was first)
Higher productivity, lower costs
Example: India – 500 Hours to spin 1 lb. cotton
Factory in England – 80 minutes by 1830, 1 person
Concentrated labor in a single location
- Easier to ship and trade goods made
Increased specialization of labor
Dependence on fossil fuels (coal and oil)
These factories justified massive environmental devastation to seek fossil fuels and rapidly expand urban areas
Also resulted in massive pollution. This period is when scientists point to the major beginning of humans influencing climate change.

22. Effect # 3: Urbanization
Massive new factories popping up everywhere led to new jobs in the cities
New standards of living – cheaper food, clothing, utensils – increasing middle class
Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories
Leads to unsanitary conditions as a result of extremely dense populations
Increased mortality rate, drop in life expectancy
Higher instances of Alcoholism and crime because of lower quality of life, less family structure
New Diseases
Cholera, Cancer, Black Lung, Emphysema

23. Urbanization

24. Effect # 3 Continued: Working Conditions
Low pay, long hours
Child labor, no protection for workers
Crowded housing, pollution
Horrible, dangerous working conditions
Workers Organize to improve conditions
Labor Unions
Reinforcing of the role of women as caretakers of the home and children

25. Child Labor

26. Effect # 4: New Technology!
Steamship
Railroad – US had 21,000 miles of track by 1850 – 1856* NY to Chicago used to take 3 weeks. Now 2 days.
Cotton Gin
The battery
Telegraph- wire communication combined with Morse Code Technology – made long distance communication instantaneous – eventually stretched across bodies of water, even the Atlantic Ocean by the late 1800s

28. Effect # 5: Need for Raw Materials and Food
Many colonies became dependent on exporting a single natural resource such as metals or minerals or a single food product for the growing urban populations
Rubber from SE Asia
Palm Oil from Africa
Guano from Peru
Beef from Argentina
Global demand for industrial minerals and metal as well as gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, leading to extensive mining centers worldwide.
High demand for timber led to massive deforestation, especially in Britain, the US, and colonies

29. Effect # 6: A Need for New Consumer Markets
As the quantity of produced goods increased, the need for new markets worldwide for the finished goods increased.

30. Transportation and Communication
Increased production
Search for more markets and raw materials
Better and faster means of transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution Communication before
Mail
Ships powered by sails Messenger
Horse-drawn wagons, Cart
carts, and carriages Ship
After the Industrial Revolution Communication After
Trains Telegraph
Steamships Submarine telegraph cables
Trolleys Radio
Automobiles Telephone

32. New Financial Instruments
As capitalism grows so do financial institutions
Stock Markets – New York, Amsterdam, London
Gold Standard – value of money based on gold held in Federal repositories such as Fort Knox.

33. So.. Was it Good? Or was it Bad?
Discuss!

34. Second Industrial Revolution
The second Industrial Revolution took place about 1870
Spread to places such as the U.S., Germany, Japan, and Russia
Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and homes
Steel, chemicals, internal combustion engines
Precision machinery to mass produce goods