1. Europe Faces Revolutions
Chapter 8
Section 2

2. Main Ideas
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe.
The system of nation-states established in Europe during this period continues today.

3. Introduction
At the same time as the revolutions in Latin America, Europe was also undergoing changes.
The Congress of Vienna had tried to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions that had existed prior to the F.R.
At an international level this was a success.
However, within countries the effort failed.
Europe was plagued by revolutions between

4. Clash of Philosophies
Three schools of thought spread through Europe in the early 1800s.
Each believed its style of government would best serve the people.
Each attracted a different set of followers.
Conservative
Liberal
Radical

5. Conservative Usually wealthy property owners.
Argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Today, what political party do we associate with conservative beliefs?
Do conservatives today want a lot of government involvement?

6. Liberal Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants.
They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments.
Only wanted the educated and landowners to vote.
What political party do we associate with liberals today?
Is our current president a liberal?

7. Radical Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution.
Liberty
Equality
Brotherhood

8. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism – belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

9. Nation-State Had its own independent government.
Defends the nation’s territory and way of life.
Represents the nation to the rest of the world.
1815 – only France, England and Spain were nation-states.

10. Believers in Nationalism
Liberals and Radicals were the main believers in nationalism.
Liberal middle class – teachers, lawyers & business people – led the struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states.
Germans wanted to gather many states into one large state.
Hungarians wanted to split away from Austria and establish self-rule.

11. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks – first to win self-rule.
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire.
Ottomans controlled most of the Balkans.
Present day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia.
Greeks had kept their history and culture alive.
Demanded independence and rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in 1821.

12. The Balkans

13. Greeks Gain Independence
Powerful European governments opposed revolution.
The cause of Greek independence was popular with people.
Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected Greek culture.
Britain, France and Russia took Greece’s side and destroyed an Ottoman fleet in 1827.
They signed a treaty guaranteeing Greece’s freedom.

14. 1830s Uprisings Crushed
By the 1830s, the old order, carefully arranged at the Congress of Vienna, was breaking down. Revolutionary zeal swept across Europe. Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe were openly revolting against conservative governments. Nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels. In October 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from Dutch control. In Italy, nationalists worked to unite the many separate states on the Italian peninsula. Some were independent. Others were ruled by Austria, or by the pope. Eventually, Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy. The Poles living under the rule of Russia staged a revolt in Warsaw late in Russian armies took nearly an entire year to crush the Polish uprising. By the mid-1830s, the old order seemed to have reestablished itself. But the appearance of stability did not last long.

15. 1830s Uprisings Crushed Which Belgian city did the riots break out?
In ______ 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from the Dutch.
Who sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy?
Who staged a revolt in Warsaw in the late 1830?

16. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
In 1848, ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe. (See the map on page 245.) After an unruly mob in Vienna clashed with police, Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings broke out throughout the Austrian empire. In Budapest, nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for a parliament and self-government for Hungary. Meanwhile in Prague, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence. European politics continued to seesaw. Many liberal gains were lost to conservatives within a year. In one country after another, the revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or their nations. Conservatives regained their nerve and their power. By 1849, Europe had practically returned to the conservatism that had controlled governments before 1848.

17. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
In what city did an unruly mob have a clash with the police?
Who called for a parliament and self-government in Hungary?
Who demanded Bohemian independence?
By 1849, what had Europe practically returned to?

18. Radicals Change France
Radicals participated in many of the 1848 revolts.
Only in France was the radical demand for democratic government the main goal of the revolution.
1. What are some other reasons that people revolt?

19. The Third Republic
Louis Philippe, ruler of France, fell from popular favor.
Paris mob overturned the monarchy & established a republic.
Fell apart almost immediately.
Constitution was adopted.
Called for a parliament and a strong president.
What does this remind you of?
How so?
Why does it call for a strong president? Guide them to talking about moderates and the need for a strong leader.

20. France Accepts a Strong Ruler
Louis-Napoleon – nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte – won the presidential election.
Four years later, he took the title Emperor Napoleon III.
Accepted without complaint.
Weary of instability.
Wanted a strong ruler.
Why do you think they chose Louis-Napoleon?
2. Were the French citizen dissatisfied with Napoleon?
3. Why would the French citizens agree to an Emperor after fighting for a republic?

21. France Prospers
Napoleon III built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works.
Due to his policies, unemployment decreased and the country prospered.
1. What will railroads and industrialization lead to?

22. Reform in Russia Russia was not very industrialized yet.
Serfs still bound to land, under the feudal system.
Czars were afraid to free the serfs because it would anger the landowners.
What were some of the differences between western and eastern Europe?
Explain the feudal system.
Why would the lords have so much power over the serfs?
Why would angering the landowners be an issue?

23. Defeat Brings Change
Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War.
However, Russia’s industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops.
Russia lost the war.
Alexander II, Nicholas’ son, decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change.
He believed his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.

24. Reform and Reaction Alexander’s reforms
Freeing the serfs – bold move
Peasant communities received about ½ the farmland in the country.
Had 49 years to repay the government.
Alexander was assassinated by terrorists in 1881.
Alexander III continued to encourage industrialism.
Nationalism helped drive Russia toward industrial expansion.
If you were a landowner would you be happy with this change?
What’s the catch for the serfs?
3. How would nationalism help move Russia towards expansion?

25. Questions Who did liberals want to have power in 19th century Europe?
Give some examples of nationalism. (2 or more)
What are some key characteristics of nationalism?
Describe some radical ideas of the time period. Give examples.
This is the section I will use for my Bell ringer/Exit ticket.