1. Political Regime
China

2. What are the institutions of Chinese government?
China
intro
What are the institutions of Chinese government?

3. Constitution
China

4. China Constitution Constitution
There is actually a constitution that gives formal authority to both state & party
In recent years, rules have been formalized for policy making, succession, and term and age limits.
Political rules is mostly in a “paramount leader” surrounded by a group of about 25 political elites
This personal nature of power has mostly meant that rule of law is not that important in China
The party always prevails over the state, the formal checks of the state do not hold the party back

5. China Constitution Constitution
The current constitution was adopted in 1982 & has been revised 4 times.
Includes preamble, general principles, fundamental rights of citizens, structure of the state, and national flag & emblems
The 1982 documents reflects Deng’s focus on modernization & domestic stability
Class struggle is de-emphasized and puts priority on development
2004 amendments added guarantees of private property & human rights

6. The Party Institutions
China

7. The party leadership serves as the vanguard on behalf of the masses
China
CCP
The Party State
The party state retains the basic structure that the CCP adopted from the USSR
The party leadership serves as the vanguard on behalf of the masses
Political authority flows from the party elite to those within the party, state, and society who are expected to submit to their authority
Rapid economic growth have forced the party state to devolve substantial authority to regional and local offices

8. China CCP CCP The CCP exercises control through a nomenklatura system.
Party committees are responsible for appointment, promotion, transfer, and firing of high level state, party, and even public owned industry personnel
The govt & bureaucracy are controlled by “organizational parallelism”
All government executive, legislative, and administrative agencies are duplicated at every level by a corresponding party organization

9. China CCP Politburo Standing Committee
The National Party Congress “elects” the Central Committee, which “elects” the Politburo
The Standing Committee of the Politburo is the 7 or so members that are the actual top leadership of China
The PSC meets weekly and is led by the general secretary of the party.
PSC members are “elected” by the Politburo but the general secretary chooses them
PSC functions as the actual governing cabinet of the country

10. Technically, all these positions are elected
China
CCP
Elections
Technically, all these positions are elected
The PSC determines this before all ballots are cast. When the Central Committee votes, all candidates run unopposed
The Central Committee’s role is ceremonial, but the members are being groomed for top leadership
Membership in the CC confirms elite status that was largely earned through personal connections

11. China CCP National Party Congress
The Central Committee is “elected” by the National Party Congress
This is most like the nominating conventions of the major parties in the US.
It has over 2000 members and meets every five years
(coinciding with elections)
It’s too big & meets too infrequently to do any real policy making
It mostly serves as a venue to announce changes in leadership or policy

12. China CCP Other party organs
There 83 million members of the CCP, organized at local & provincial levels
The CCP bureaucracy is the Secretariat that oversees implementation of Politburo decisions & distributes propaganda
The Central Military Commission oversees control of the military & reports to the Politburo. It’s headed by the paramount leader of the PRC (general secretary)
The Central Committee for Discipline Inspection maintains party loyalty and discipline and roots out corruption
Central party structure is in Beijing but each province has a party committee

13. President
China

14. The president of the PRC is the head of state
China
Head of State
President
The president of the PRC is the head of state
This is a purely formal position that holds no real power outside of the party
This almost always the person who is also the general secretary of the CCP
The general secretary/president roles tend to combine to designate the “paramount leader” of China

15. China Head of State President
From Jiang Zemin through Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping it is expected that the president will serve two consecutive terms
This is formally limited in the constitution to two terms (but the party can change it)

16. State Council
China

17. China State Council State Council
The State Council is China’s executive branch, the primary organ of daily government activity
It’s led by the premier, who is recommended by the Central Committee and then formally elected by the NPC
Since 2013 it the premier has been Li Keqiang who will serve 2 consecutive terms alongside president Xi Jinping.
The premier tends to be 2nd or 3rd ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee

18. The also have a Standing Committee that meets twice weekly.
China
State Council
State Council
The premier and the cabinet of ministers manages the day to day operations of the government
The members who lead each ministry also serve on the Politburo or even the PSC.
The also have a Standing Committee that meets twice weekly.
Historically, they have responsibility for managing China’s socialist economy, and developing the annual and five year economic plans

19. Legislature
China

20. National People’s Congress
China
National People’s Congress
National People’s Congress
A unicameral legislature that is officially the highest organ of the state.
They formally appoint the State Council and elect the president of the PRC
Made up of nearly 3000 delegates that represent geographic & functional constituencies (like industry & military)
The members are elected indirectly through provincial people’s congresses
They convene annually for about two weeks to “elect” a Standing Committee

21. National People’s Congress
China
National People’s Congress
National People’s Congress
The top leader of the NPC must also be on the PSC
This guarantees party control of legislative affaris.
The NPC standing committee meets regularly every two months.
They have constitutional authority to pass laws but have never had an independent role in policy making.
It basically ratifies policies already set by the Politburo Standing Committee
It is weaker than the State Council and the CCP because it meets too seldom

22. Judiciary
China

23. China Courts Court System
The law is subject to the leaders. There is not really rule of law in China.
Legal reforms after 1978 made a judicial system but it is subservient to the party
China is criticized by human rights groups for its regular incarceration of political prisoners and its willingness to employ capital punishment
Hundreds of thousands of prisoners are being held in labor reeducation camps without access to the legal system

24. China Courts Capital Punishment
China executes more prisoners than the rest of the world.
Estimates say they execute more than 5000 annually.
They execute as many people per capita as Iran and North Korea.
The most common form is execution by gunshot to the back of the head, although there are movements toward lethal injection
This is given for a variety of crimes including corruption, smuggling, theft, bribery, and rape)

25. Local Governments
China

26. China Subnational Units Subnational Units
China manages its local governments through the structure of parallel party and government rule.
There are 32 provincial units counties. 40,000 townships. 700,000 villages. Each has a party & state structure
Central party leadership is devolving more economic policy making to regional and local officials
These enhance efficiency and promote development, but can lead to local abuse of power & corruption

27. China Subnational Units Subnational Units
Local officials have no authority to tax & have no other sources of revenue.
They use their control of property & licensing to seize lands from local residents offering little compensation
They then sell this property to build factories & developers and then share the profits
This leads to questionable projects and the sprouting of “ghost cities”

28. Now 600,000 villages across China have actual local elections.
Subnational Units
Subnational Units
Central govt leaders have been experimenting with more local democratization.
Initial experiments in the 1980s guaranteed secret ballots for county level people’s congresses and have expanded
Now 600,000 villages across China have actual local elections.
There are increased calls at the local level to be able to elect their local party secretaries who are the real sources of power at the village level.

29. Other Institutions
China

30. China Military The People’s Liberation Army
China’s military makes up the People’s Liberation Army.
It has participated in the Great Leap Forward, calmed the Cultural Revolution, and ended the Tiananmen Square protests
Party leaders have narrowed the economic and political roles of the PLA
It is the world’s largest military force with a standing army of 2.25 million troops
The Central Military Commission ensures the party controls the military;
Recent leaders are using the military to make China more assertive on the stage of global politics

31. Xi knows these answers…
China

32. Politburo Standing Committee
Main Ideas
China
Parallel Structure
Politburo Standing Committee
“Elections”
Mao’s Main Ideas
State organization