1. Directional Selectivity Is Formed at Multiple Levels by Laterally Offset Inhibition in the Rabbit Retina 
Shelley I. Fried, Thomas A. Mu¨nch, Frank S. Werblin 
Neuron 
Volume 46, Issue 1, Pages (April 2005)
DOI: /j.neuron
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Directional Selectivity of the Spiking Output of DS Cells and of Their Excitatory and Inhibitory Input Currents
Spiking output and inhibitory and excitatory input currents to a DS cell in response to the leading and trailing edges of a white bar on a gray background moving at 300 μm/s in the preferred (left panel) or null (right panel) directions. Spiking is robust for preferred-direction movement, but minimal for null movement. The magnitude of excitatory currents is greater for preferred movement; but inhibitory current magnitudes are greater for null movement. The leading edge (LE) of a light bar activates the ON system; the trailing edge (TE) activates the OFF system. The times during which the leading edge of the moving bar was over the ON dendrites (and trailing edge over the OFF dendrites) is indicated by the width of the gray vertical rectangles in this and subsequent figures.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
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3. Figure 2
Excitatory Inputs Are Reduced during Simulated Null-Direction Movement; Inhibitory Inputs Are Reduced during Simulated Preferred-Direction Movement
(A) Typical receptive field structure of a DS cell. The excitatory receptive field is coextensive with the cell’s dendritic field; the inhibitory receptive field is offset to the right, the null side of the cell.
(B–E) Inhibitory synaptic inputs (B and C) and excitatory synaptic inputs (D and E) in response to flashed white bars (100 × 300 μm) on a gray background. Bars were presented either individually (B and D) or in sequence to simulate preferred- or null-direction movement (C and E). Center-to-center distance of each pair was 100 μm, temporal offset during simulated motion was 167 ms (timing indicated by the black horizontal lines). The traces shown are the average of six cells (inhibition) and ten cells (excitation). For each cell, we averaged four responses and then normalized them to the maximum magnitude of the larger of the two individual flashes (=100%). The 16 cells all had slightly different sizes; we manually mapped the excitatory or inhibitory receptive field for each cell in order to center the pair of bars in the receptive field. The icons shown illustrate the location of the stimulus bars relative to the dendritic and receptive fields. The gray dotted traces in (C) and (E) are the sum of the individual traces in (B) and (D), with the appropriate timing offset. The black arrows in (C) and (E) point out the directional suppression during simulated movement.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Directional Suppression of Input Currents during Simulated Movement Can Be Elicited from Outside the Receptive Field
Inhibitory synaptic inputs (A and B) and excitatory synaptic inputs (C and D) in response to flashed bars (100 × 300 μm) on a gray background. See Figure 2 for details. Traces show averages of six inhibitory responses of a single cell to black bars (A and B) and of four excitatory responses of a different cell to white bars (C and D). Center-to-center distance between bars was 140 μm (A and B) or 200 μm (C and D). The icons show the actual extent of the dendritic and receptive field of the cell; bar “1” was presented outside of the receptive field.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Curare Reduces Excitatory OFF Responses, but the Remaining Excitatory Input Currents Are Still Directional
(A) Excitatory currents in a DS cell in response to a moving white bar (300 μm/s) in control conditions (solid) and in the presence of 50 μM curare (dashed). The responses to the leading edge of the bar are not significantly affected by curare; the trailing edge responses are reduced by nearly half. The curare-insensitive component of the excitatory input, likely mediated by glutamate, remains directionally selective.
(B) In the presence of 50 μM curare, simulated null-direction motion suppressed the curare-insensitive excitatory input (presumably glutamate-mediated) at both ON and OFF (indicated by the vertical black arrows), similar to the effect seen in control conditions (see Figures 2 and 3). Bar “1” was presented outside the excitatory receptive field on either side of the cell and threfore did not cause a response by itself (data not shown).
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Curare Reduces the Directionality of the Inhibitory Input Currents to DS Cells
(A) Inhibitory currents in a DS cell in response to a white moving bar in control conditions (solid) and in the presence of 50 μM curare (dashed). Inhibition became nondirectional to both leading and trailing edge responses, but by different mechanisms: in the ON system, inhibition increased for preferred movement and decreased for null movement. In the OFF system, inhibition decreased for both directions, but more so for null movement.
(B) Proposed pathway to explain curare’s effect on inhibition in the ON system. Acetylcholine (ACh, released by starburst cells) is involved in suppressing inhibition during preferred-direction movement: a starburst cell (A) excites a sign inverting interneuron, which then suppresses the inhibitory input to the DS cell during preferred-direction movement. During null movement, on the other hand, the DS cell is strongly inhibited at first (by cell B), but this inhibition is suppressed when the stimulus reaches the starburst cell (A). Blocking ACh with curare will increase the inhibitory input to the DS cell during preferred movement and make the inhibitory input more sustained during null movement.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
SR Reveals Additional Cholinergic Synaptic Pathways to DS Cells and Abolishes Directional Selectivity of the Excitatory Input Currents
(A) Spatial profile of OFF excitatory inputs in response to 100 × 300 μm flashed black bars presented at consecutive spatial locations along the preferred null axis in control conditions (black), in the presence of 5 μM SR (red), and with additional 50 μM curare (blue). The gray bar represents the extent of the OFF dendrites along the preferred null axis of the cell. Individual traces show the responses to the onset of a black bar centered at the spatial location indicated by the corresponding vertical line (average of two responses each). The inset shows the spatial profile of the excitatory receptive field obtained by connecting the peaks of the individual responses. The magnitudes and spatial spread of the excitatory currents increased in SR-95531, suggesting that SR unblocks excitatory pathways from spatial regions outside the dendritic field of the DS cell. These currents returned to control levels with the addition of 50 μM curare (blue traces), suggesting that the spatial spread of excitatory activity seen in SR is mediated by acetylcholine. Similar effects were found for the ON excitatory inputs (data not shown). In this cell, the receptive field shrank on the preferred side after the addition of curare. We only observed this particular effect in two of seven cells, and only in the OFF responses.
(B) Excitatory currents in a different DS cell in response to a white bar moving at 600 μm/s. There is an earlier onset of excitation (compare red and black arrows) in SR consistent with the expansion of the cell’s receptive field. The magnitude of excitation is increased as well. The earlier onset disappears with the addition of curare. SR causes a loss of directional selectivity of the excitatory inputs. The currents remain nondirectional after the addition of curare.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
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8. Figure 7 Effect of SR-95531 on the Responses of Starburst Cells
Voltage responses of a starburst cell in response to a white (w) and black (b) 600 μm flashed square in control conditions (black) and in the presence of 5 μM SR (gray). SR did not depolarize starburst cells; it only caused changes in the kinetics of the light responses. The massive cholinergic input to DS cells in SR shown in Figure 6 is not accompanied by any significant electrical event measurable in starburst cell somas.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 8
Schematic of the Excitatory, Inhibitory, and Suppressive Pathways Mediating DS Cell Activity
(A) Direct synaptic pathways to the ON and OFF dendrites of a DS cell with preferred direction left to right. ON and OFF dendrites receive both glutamatergic (black) and cholinergic (blue) excitation as well as GABAergic (red) inhibition. The OFF (but not ON) system receives cholinergic excitation for stimulation over the dendrites. All other cholinergic pathways, indicated by dashed blue lines, are revealed in the presence of GABAA blockers, but are normally silent.
(B) Suppressive signals shaping the direct inputs to the DS cell. Suppressive pathways are shown as unfilled T-shaped icons. Both excitatory inputs (cholinergic and glutamatergic) to the DS cell are suppressed by activity on the null side of the DS cell, by GABA acting through GABAA receptors. The inhibitory inputs are spatially asymmetric, coming from the null side, and are suppressed by activity on the preferred side. One possible implementation of suppression of inhibition in the ON system is shown in Figure 5B.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions