1. Sensor Networks – Motes, Smart Spaces, and Beyond
임형준
충남대학교 컴퓨터공학과
데이터베이스시스템연구실
2019년 4월 14일 일요일

2. Table of Contents The Birth of the Mote Berkeley Motes Smart-ITs
Moving into Smart Spaces
Phidgets
Atlas Platform
Reaching into People’s Pockets
Health and Fitness Monitoring
Crisis and Emergency Response
Mobile Environmental Sensing
In this article we look at how sensor network research and applications have evolved and how emerging trends could determine
where they’re headed

3. The Birth of the Mote
The goal of this research was to design and create tiny autonomous computers (called sensor platforms or in some cases motes) that could unobtrusively observe their environment through built-in sensors and report back to a remote base station
Base Station

4. Sensor Platforms Characteristics
Primitive processing capability
Self-organized networking
Low power operation
Tiny form factor
Target applications
Lack of mechanical actuation

5. Berkeley Motes
Berkeley Mote with processing board, sensing board and AA battery pack
The mote was essentially a small form factor computer with self-contained processing, sensing and power resources
TinyOS provides a set of software components that allows applications to interact with the processor, network transceiver and the sensors

6. Smart-ITs
Sensor platforms with hardware characteristics similar to the motes but packaged in a smaller form factor
Smart-Its node with TR1001 wireless transceiver
The small form factor allows it to be easily attached to everyday objects for digitally tagging them

7. Moving into Smart Spaces
Ease of application development
Programmability
Mechanical actuation
Standardized communication protocols

8. Phidgets (Physical Widgets)
Package physical sensors, actuators, and associated control software into physical widgets which would provide the same level of abstraction for physical devices that software widgets provide to an application developer
Enable programmers to concentrate on developing end-user applications rather than getting distracted with low-level hardware and software issues
Phidgets Platform with USB connectivity attached to a temperature sensor

9. Atlas Platform
Sensor platforms to utilize Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) for automatic self-integration of sensors and actuators into smart spaces
Atlas was composed of semi-autonomous hardware sensor nodes coupled with an SOA-based backend running on a PC or server machine
Atlas Platform with WiFi communication board. Atlas Platform nodes feature application agnostic firmware with support for multiple swappable network interfaces such as WiFi, ZigBee, Wired Ethernet and USB

10. The utilization of SOA
Atlas node is configured and powered on, all the sensors and actuators attached to it are abstracted into individual software services in a backend SOA framework such as OSGi
Making physical devices available as software services enables applications residing in the smart space to dynamically discover and access them
Atlas abstracts away low-level device details and provides high-level APIs to application developers for controlling sensors and actuators deployed in the space
Atlas supports a number of networking interfaces such as WiFi, ZigBee, Wired Ethernet, and USB hence nodes can be deployed all over the smart space

11. Atlas Two Major Advantages
Since each device is a high-level software service it enables developers to compose the same set of sensing and actuation devices into multiple applications without worrying about low-level embedded system details
The SOA paradigm in conjunction with the use of IP-based networking allows Atlas to easily integrate sensors and actuators into existing business process management and IT systems

12. Reaching into People’s Pockets
New sensor platform is the mobile phone
A mobile phone today has all the basic capabilities of a sensor platform, namely communications, processing, and sensing
Mobile smart phones are essentially small computers with all the advantages of powerful processing capabilities, relatively large storage, rapid application development tools and the ability to run multiple complex applications on the same platform

13. Health and Fitness Monitoring
Nokia Sports Tracker running on a N95 mobile phone
It utilizes the basic set of sensors available on the smart phone to monitor and log the user’s activity levels and exercise workout routines. This information can be shared and collated via social networking sites and other innovative Web 2.0 applications

14. Crisis and Emergency Response
Researchers postulate the concept of “human-as-a-sensor” where emergency rescue workers and first responders carry mobile phones (in addition to radios) to collectively improve situational awareness of an incident
The mobile phones are equipped with a number of sensors for measuring environmental parameters and responder’s vital signs and continuously transmit that data to a centralized backend where it’s fused with data from other responders and analyzed

15. Mobile Environmental Sensing
Mobile phone based sensing is gaining increasing acceptance is environmental sensing, in particular pollution tracking
The sensor platform is built around a Nokia N95 smart phone connected to external sensing boards

16. Conclusion
Mobile sensing platforms such as the smart phone will likely continue to become the sensor platform of choice and drive novel applications
Utilize ad-hoc collaborations (if not ad-hoc networking) between locally clustered and geographically distributed nodes, in the personal, social, scientific, medical and business domains

17. References
Raja Bose, Nokia Research Center Palo Alto, “Sensor Networks—Motes, Smart Spaces, and Beyond”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, July–September 2009, pp. 84–90