1. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

2. Rasputin

3. Tsar Nicholas II and Family

4. Reign of Nicholas II Conditions Results
Tsar Nicolas II was the absolute monarch of Russia, Naïve to the dissatisfaction in society
His son Alexis had hemophilia which crippled him and worried the people
Results
Russia under Nicolas was politically unstable
Liberals wanted a democratic government
Repressed minorities wanted independence
Peasants wanted land reform; workers wanted better working conditions
Military lost war with Japan in 1904
Many Russians questioned Tsar's system

5. Bloody Sunday January 5, 1905

6. 1905 Revolution Conditions Results
On the Bloody Sunday, the Tsar's police killed hundreds of workers marching peacefully in St. Petersburg.
Results
Revolts and strikes spread throughout Russia
Radicals organized workers’ councils (Soviets)
Tsar concedes democratic powers, in the form of a legislature called the Duma, then takes those powers back
Tsars minster Stolypin attempts land reform and is assassinated.

7. Poor Working Conditions dissatisfied with their Government policies to
Causes of the
1905
Revolution
Poor Working Conditions
Redemption
payments
losing the war
against Japan
food shortages
The governments
violent and
oppressive policies
Middle
Class
Poor
harvests
Tsar
Nicholas II
never visited
the factories
or farms
The economic slump
Peasants were
dissatisfied with their
living conditions
Government policies to
develop Industry
Bloody Sunday

8. Law and Order The Secret Police (Okhrana) remained very active.
All Russians had to carry internal passports and register with the police if they travelled away from home.
Although freedom of speech and the press had been granted in 1905, newspapers were heavily fined for printing articles which upset the government and were sometimes censored.
censorship

9. World War I and Russia

10. World War I in Russia Conditions Results
Russia honors alliances and joins World War I
Tsar Nicholas II takes personal command of army
Strange monk, Rasputin gains power with Tsarina back at court
Army suffers many military defeats
Results
Discontent of soldiers, peasants, and workers
Russia suffers most devastating losses in World War I

11. The February Revolution

12. The February Revolution
Conditions
Women’s march for “bread and peace” turns into widespread revolt
Representatives of workers, peasants, and soldiers lead revolution from Petrograd soviet
The Duma forms the Provisional government
Results
Tsar Nicolas Abdicates
Kerensky leads the Provisional Government

13. Lenin and the Great October Revolution

14. Lenin and the Great October Revolution
Conditions
Lenin, a Marxist revolutionary, leader of the Bolshevik party, sneaks back into Russia
Lenin protests against Provisional Government: calls for “land, bread, and peace.”
The Red Guard, under Bolshevik control, gains weapons and power
Provisional Government continues to fight in World War I

15. The Bolsheviks take over Petrograd!
7th November Trotsky, a leading Bolshevik, organises the Red Guard so they take control of:
The train stations and bridges
The main telegraph office
Other key buildings in Petrograd !
Kerensky fled and the Bolsheviks have taken the city!
The time is right!
The Provisional Government (P.G.) are unpopular because they shoot peasants who take land by force. Crime is rocketing: the P.G. don’t seem to be in control ! Winter is coming …
The Bolsheviks are very popular in the Petrograd Soviet, and have lots of support!
Lenin returns to Russia

16. “Peace, Bread and Land!” and “All Power to the Soviets”
Lenin’s ideas are:
“Peace, Bread and Land!” and “All Power to the Soviets”
So he wants:
*An end to the War and signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918
*Land given to the peasants
*Soviets should take power - “No co-operation with the Provisional government!”

17. Lenin and the Great October Revolution
Results
Russian Revolution, or Great October Revolution, begins Octobers 25, 1917 as Trotsky’s Red Guard seizes most of Petrograd
Lenin proclaims socialist state, nationalizes all land
Civil War between “Reds” (Bolsheviks) and “Whites” (anti-communists) eventually won by Lenin and the Bolsheviks in 1922
In Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918, Russia drops out of WWI and suffers great losses.

18. Lenin Takes Power And Leaves a Legacy
1919 Lenin creates the Cheka (secret police) to control the Russian people
Communists adopt plan – “war on communism”
Factories, banks, mines, and Railroads are under their control
Peasants and farmers must feed the Red Army
Policy almost destroys Russia: factory output down, and peasants stop producing

19. 1918-1921 Civil war breaks out between the:
Bolshevik regiments marching to Smolnyi (1918) under banners emblazoned with All Power to the Soviets, Long Live the Revolution.    Source: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921.
Civil war breaks out between the:
Bolsheviks (Red Army) And Everyone else/imperial officers (White Army), Democrats, Mensheviks, Nationalists from other countries, and Allies

20. The Soviet Union under Lenin
Conditions
Russia was devastated after World War I and Civil War-lost one half of its population
By 1922, wages dropped to one tenth of pre-war levels
Western nations blockaded Russia so nothing could leave or enter
Lenin was concerned the new socialist experiment would fail

21. Lenin’s answer To the Problem: The New Economic Policy
Small factories (those employing less than 20 workers) were privatised.
However, all important industries, such as coal and steel remained nationalised
Stopped the Practice of requisitioning food
Peasants now had to supply amount of what they grew to the government
Any extra they were allowed to keep or even sell for profit!
New Rouble was introduced to end inflation.
Programme of electrification continued and extended to rural areas.

22. The Soviet Union Under Lenin
Lenin described his New Economic Policy (NEP) as “taking one step backward to go two steps forward.”
The NEP helped to jump start the economy with small-scale capitalism
After NEP success, the Communist party introduced measures to bring about classless society.

23. Russia was improving and then…….
Lenin dies in 1924
On January 21, 1924 Lenin died. Millions of people were overcome with sorrow... On the morning of January 27 his remains were brought to Red Square, where an endless mass of people streamed past the coffin. The working people of the entire world also paid their last tribute. Factory workers in many countries stopped work for five minutes in homage ...For the first time in the history of mankind the death of one man moved hundreds of millions of people throughout the world. Everyone had heard the name of Lenin…
From a Soviet Textbook published in 1976

24. Lenin’s Death

25. Totalitarian State Joseph Stalin Takes control of Communist Party
Wants to increase power of the USSR
Stalin controls entire society
Uses secret police, propaganda, and terror to achieve order.
Thousands are arrested, jailed, killed or exiled for their differing view points The Great Purge
Churches were destroyed and leaders killed or exiled.
Totalitarian State

26. Agriculture 1928-1939 Five Year Plan
Make the economy fully industrialized
High production goals for transportation, oil, coal, and steel
USSR created a command economy = gov’t made all decisions
All resources devoted to the effort
Russia became a powerful country
But the people lacked food, housing, and clothing for many years
Agriculture
The government took control of all farms ending the NEP
Created large government farms = Collectivization
Citizens could keep personal items but everything else belong to the collective.
When peasants resisted millions were killed
Agricultural out put rose

27. Union Soviet Socialist Republics (1922)
Picture Summary
Union Soviet Socialist Republics (1922)
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