1. The Circulatory System
Chapter 15, pgs

2. Cardiovascular System
Your body has a “highway” network, called the cardiovascular system that links all parts of your body.
It carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells.
In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease.
Consists of the heart, blood vessels & blood

3. Delivering Needed Materials
Most substances that need to get from one part of the body to another are carried by the blood.
For example, blood carries oxygen from your lungs to your cells.
Blood transports glucose to your cells to produce energy.

4. Removing Waste Products
The cardiovascular system picks up wastes from the cells.
When the cell breaks down glucose, they produce carbon dioxide as a waste.
The cardiovascular system carries the carbon dioxide to the lungs where it is exhaled.

5. Fighting Diseases
The cardiovascular system carries cells that attack disease-causing microorganisms.
These cells can help keep you from getting sick.
If you get sick, they can help make you well.

8. The Heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Each time the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.
Your heart is about the size of your fist.
It is made of cardiac muscle.

9. The Heart’s Structure The heart has a right side and a left side.
The right side is completely separated from the left side by a wall of tissue called the septum.
Each side has two compartments or chambers.
Both upper chambers or atriums receive blood that comes into the heart.

10. The Heart’s Structure continued…
In the right atrium is a group of heart cells called the pacemaker that sends out signals to the heart muscles to contract.
Each of the lower chambers or ventricles, pump blood out of the heart.
The atria (plural) are separated by ventricles by valves.
A valve is a flap of tissue that stops blood from flowing backward.

11. How the Heart Works The heart has two main phases.
First, when the heart muscle relaxes, blood flows into the chambers.
Then the atria contract and squeeze blood out through the valves and the in the ventricles. This closes the valves between the atria and ventricles. LUB!
The ventricles contract which closes the valves between the ventricles and the blood vessels. DUP!

12. How the Heart Works continued…
Second, when muscles cells in the ventricle contract, they exert a force on the blood. (A force is a push or a pull)
The force exerted by the ventricles pushes blood out of your heart and into arteries.
The left ventricle exerts more force than the right ventricle.

13. Two Loops
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
From the arteries, blood flows into tiny, narrow vessels called capillaries.
In the capillaries, substances are exchanged between the blood and body cells.
From the capillaries, blood flows into the veins, blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

14. Pattern of Blood Flow
The overall pattern of blood flowing through the body is somewhat like a figure 8.
In the first loop, blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart.
In the second loop, blood is pumped
from the heart throughout the body
and then returns again to the heart.

15. Blood travels only in one direction.
You could start at any point and end up back at the same point.
It takes less than one minute for the entire trip.

16. Loop One: To the Lungs and Back
Blood from the body contains little oxygen when it returns to the right atrium.
It is dark-red.
It flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
The ventricle pumps the blood into the arteries that lead to the lungs.
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood which is now bright red
It flows to the left side of the heart and will be pumped through the second loop.

18. Loop Two: To the Body and Back
Begins in the left atrium filled with oxygen rich blood coming from the lungs.
The blood moves into the left ventricle.
It is now pumped into the aorta, the largest artery in the entire body.
After passing through branching arteries, blood flows through tiny capillaries in different parts of your body. (brain, liver, legs, etc.)

19. Loop Two: To the Body and Back continued…
Oxygen moves out of the blood and into the body cells.
At the same time carbon dioxide (waste) passes from the body cells and into the blood cells.
The blood, now low in oxygen, flows back to the right atrium through the veins completing the second loop.

20. Arteries
When blood leaves the heart it travels through arteries. (away – arteries)
The first branches off of the aorta are coronary arteries these carry blood to the heart itself.
Other branches carry blood to the brain, intestines, and other organs.

21. Arteries in Red – away from the heart
Veins in Blue – back to the heart

22. Artery Structure The walls of the arteries are very thick.
They are made of 3 layers of cells.
Inner layer, epithelial or skin cells.
Middle layer, muscle tissue.
Outer layer, flexible connective tissue.
This layered structure allows for strength and flexibility.
Arteries can withstand enormous pressure.

23. Pulse
If you touch in the inside of your wrist, you can feel the artery rise and fall repeatedly.
The pulse is caused by the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall.
A spurt of blood pushes through and makes the artery wall expand.
The artery wall relaxes after the spurt passes.
When you count the number of pulses, you are counting your heartbeats.

24. Regulating Blood Flow
The layer of muscle in an artery acts as a control gate.
When the muscle contracts, the opening is smaller.
When the muscle relaxes, the opening is larger.

25. Capillaries
In the capillaries materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells.
Capillary walls are only one cell thick.
Materials can pass easily through them.
Oxygen + glucose from the blood through the capillary walls and into the body cells.
Cellular waste passes from the cells through the capillary walls to the blood cells.
Some materials are exchanged by diffusion.

26. move through capillaries
Red Blood Cells
move through capillaries
one at a time!
Artery
Vein
Body Cells

27. Veins
After blood moves through capillaries, it enters larger blood vessels called veins.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
The walls of the veins have three layers with muscle in the middle (like arteries).
When blood is in the veins there is less pushing force.
Skeletal muscles, larger veins, and breathing movements help force blood toward the heart.

28. Blood Pressure What Causes Blood Pressure?
- blood exerts a force against the walls of blood vessels.
- blood pressure is caused by the force with which the ventricles contract.
- blood flowing through arteries exerts the highest pressure.
- blood flowing through veins exerts the lowest pressure.

29. Measuring Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure can be measured using an instrument called a sphygmomanometer
- A cuff is wrapped around the arm and air is pumped into the cuff until the artery is stopped.
- As the pressure is released, the examiner records two numbers.
- the first number is while the ventricles contract and the blood is pumped
- the second number is while the ventricles relax

30. Working Together
The Circulatory and Respiratory System work together to give Oxygen to all our body cells, and to get rid of Carbon Dioxide.

32. O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2

33. O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2

34. O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2
Body Cells
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2

35. O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2
Body Cells
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2

36. O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2
Body Cells
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2

37. Zooming
In....

38. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2

39. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2

40. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2

41. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2 O2

42. Blood travels through
the body and ends
up in a capillary!

43. move through capillaries
Red Blood Cells
move through capillaries
one at a time!
Artery
Vein
Body Cells

44. Now the O2 gets
off, and the CO2
gets on!

45. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2

46. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2

47. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2

48. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2

49. CO2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2
CO2

50. The CO2 goes back
to the lungs where
it gets breathed out!

51. Section 2, Blood and Lymph
Blood is a complex tissue made up of four components or parts:
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

52. Blood Blood is a complex tissue made up of four components or parts:
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

53. Plasma Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.
Water makes up 90% of plasma.
The rest is dissolved materials, such as,
glucose, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Protein minerals give plasma its yellow color.
There are three groups of plasma proteins.

54. Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells take oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells in the body.
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
They are mostly made of hemoglobin which is an iron rich protein.
When red blood cells are carrying oxygen, they are bright red.

55. Red Blood Cells continued…
Blood returning to the heart is dark red as it has released the oxygen to the body.
Some carbon dioxide is carried by the hemoglobin. Although most carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs on the plasma.
Mature red blood cells have no nuclei and only live about 120 days.

56. White Blood Cells
White blood cells are the body’s disease fighters.
Some alert the body that it has been invaded.
Some white blood cells produce chemicals to attack the invaders.

57. Comparing Red and White Blood Cells
More cells
Small, round with pinched centers
Mature have no nuclei
Live only 120 days
White
Fewer
Larger
Have a nuclei
Live for months or years.

58. Platelets Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots.
Platelets collect and stick to the wound.
They release chemicals that eventually produces a protein called fibrin.
Fibrin weaves tiny fibers across the cut.
This “net” traps blood cells and a clot forms.

59. Blood Types
If a person loses a lot of blood, they may receive a blood transfusion.
Karl Landsteiner, researched mixing of different peoples blood.
He found that sometimes they would mix smoothly while other times the blood would clump.
Clumping would cause failure in blood transfusions.

60. Marker Molecules
Landsteiner discovered there are four main types of blood: A, B, AB, and O.
This is determined by proteins in the blood called marker molecules.
The plasma recognize foreign or different markers that are not a match to yours.
This leads to clumping of the blood.

61. Safe Transfusions
The marker molecules on your red blood cells determine your blood type and the type of blood that you can safely receive in transfusions.
If you need a transfusion, the donor blood will be cross-matched to see if you can safely receive it.
Each type can receive type “O” and their own marker, also. (See chart on page 519)

62. Rh Factor
Landsteiner also discovered another protein in red blood cells.
This is the Rh Factor.
If your blood type is Rh positive, you have the marker.
If your blood type is Rh negaive, you do not have the marker.
Rh negative people should never receive Rh positive blood. It is very dangerous.

63. The Lymphatic System
As blood travels through the capillaries, some of the blood actually leaks out into surrounding tissue.
The cell’s tissue needs these materials.
Afterwards, the fluid moves to the drainage system or Lymphatic System.
These vein-like vessels return the blood to the bloodstream.

64. Lymph
Once the fluid is inside the lymphatic system it is called “lymph”.
Lymph contains water, dissolved materials (glucose), and some white blood cells.
They connect to large veins in the chest.
Lymph empties into these veins and flows back again with the plasma.

65. Lymph Nodes
As lymph flows through the lymphatic system, it passes through lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are knobs of tissue.
Lymph nodes filter bacteria and other disease causing microorganisms.
When you have swollen glands when you are sick, the lymph nodes are doing their job filtering bacteria, etc.

66. Lymphatic System
Carries Lymph throughout the Lymph System and helps to fight off infections.
Lymph- Fluid from our tissue that has drained into the Lymphatic System.
Lymphocytes- Are White Blood Cells that help to fight off infections.
Lymph Nodes- Filter bacteria making it easier to fight them with White Blood Cells.

67. Textbook Vocabulary, Ch. 15 Section 1
cardiovascular system
heart vein
atrium aorta
pacemaker 11. coronary artery
ventricle 12. pulse
valve diffusion
artery blood pressure
capillary

68. Textbook Vocabulary, Ch. 15 Section 2
plasma
red blood cell
hemoglobin
white blood cell
platelet
lymphatic system
lymph
lymph node

69. CRCT Vocabulary circulatory system heart** 10. white blood cell**
atrium** 11. platelets**
Ventricle**
artery**
vein**
capillary**
plasma**
red blood cell**