1. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Applications

2. What is biotechnology?
Use and application of living things and biological processes to develop new technologies
Tools and products used in research, agriculture, industry, and medicine

3. What is genetic engineering?
Modifying characteristics of an organism by manipulating (changing) its genetic material
Done by taking a gene from one organism and putting it in another
Can only occur when scientists KNOW where the gene is located
Can be done because DNA is UNIVERSAL

4. What is genetic engineering?
An organism made by genetic engineering or genetic selection is a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Human insulin made by genetically modified bacteria
Plants with resistance to some insects
Plants that can tolerate some herbicides

5. Techniques to manipulate DNA
Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA at precise locations (specific nucleotide sequences) for studying
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a different restriction site

6. Techniques to manipulate DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Used to separate segments of DNA according to length
After cut, pieces are separated using and electrical current in a small tray with a flat slab of gelatin
One end of gel is positively charged, other is negative

7. Techniques to manipulate DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Solution of cut of DNA is placed in a well at the negative end
DNA has a negative charge, DNA fragments run to the positive end
Small pieces move faster than large pieces
Dye is used to see the clumps of DNA fragments of different lengths as bands or lines
Pattern of bands are used to identify the location of a gene or in DNA Fingerprinting

8. Techniques to manipulate DNA
DNA Fingerprinting
Genome – complete genetic material contained in an organism
Every person’s genome is unique (except identical twins)
Patterns of bands from Gel Electrophoresis create a DNA fingerprint
Compelling evidence in forensics and showing family relationships

10. Techniques to manipulate DNA
Bacterial plasmids are used to make recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA = DNA that contains genes from more than one organism
plasmid = small ring of DNA in cytoplasm
Separate from chromosome/replicate on their own
Restriction enzyme can cut a desired gene from a strand of foreign DNA (Ex. Gene coding for protein human insulin)

11. Techniques to manipulate DNA
How are plasmids used?
Circular plasmid is cut with same restriction enzyme
Foreign DNA (with desired gene) is attached to open ends of the plasmid DNA
Two are bonded together to form recombinant DNA
Plasmid could be reintroduced into bacterial cells, which would then multiply rapidly and produce lots of the human protein at a very low cost.
Insulin

13. Gene Map
An ordered list of the genetic locations along a particular chromosome
Shows the relative locations of each known gene (on a chromosome)

14. Edition

15. Welcome to the Maury Show: Pokémon edition
Welcome to the Maury Show: Pokémon edition! We have a mother of a young son and his alleged fathers. Using the DNA samples provided by the contestants, you will determine whether or not any of these men are the father of this child!

16. Scenario!
Delia Ketchum had little baby ash 10 years ago. With her son gone to fulfill his dream of being a Pokémon master, Delia has finally had time to put to rest an old question: Who is Ash’s father?

17. The Possible Fathers Samuel Oak: the esteemed Pokémon professor.
Giovanni, the insidious leader of Team Rocket,
Silver, a roaming trainer whom Ash has never met.

18. Step one: Compare Delia’s and Ash’s DNA.
Any bands that they have in common are traits that Delia passed on to Ash. Any other bands in Ash’s DNA are traits he got from his father. Mark each of Ash’s bands with an ‘M’ if it came from his mother, or an ‘F’ if it came from his father
Delia Ash  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

19. Step two: Compare Ash’s DNA to his possible Fathers’!
Ash’s bands and the bands from the alleged fathers are shown below. After marking which bands came from his mother, look at the bands that come from his father. The man who has bands that match Ash’s ‘F’ bands is his father!
NOTE: The men’s bands need to match Ash’s ‘F’ bands! If his ‘M’ bands are matched by one of them, it is NOT a match!
Ash Oak Giovanni Silver

20. THE RESULTS ARE IN!

21. Giovanni, you are the father!!!

22. Part two: APPLICATIONS!!!

23. Fluorescent Felines
Used a virus to insert a gene for red fluorescence into the nucleus of a cat skin cell.
Inserted the modified nucleus into an egg  glow-in-the dark kittens!
Glow-in-the-Dark Cat video

24. Knockout Mice
scientists have purposely “shut off” the gene that allows the mice to know when to stop eating

25. Cow Gas gas from cows contribute to the greenhouse effect
scientists have genetically engineered cattle that makes 25% less gas

26. Organismal Cloning making an identical copy of a gene or organism
Pros:
organ transplants
save Endangered species
clone embryos for parents with fertility issues
Cons:
expensive
may still have disorders
increase chances of inbreeding
(less genetic variation in a population)
ethical, religious or moral issues

27. How Dolly was made:

28. Gene Therapy exchange a normal gene for an
abnormal gene, using a virus
this was the plot of the movie, I am Legend
Pros:
could possibly cure a disease caused by a gene
reduce the chances of passing it to offspring
Cons:
expensive
unsure of results (rejection)
ethical, religious or moral
issues

29. Pharmaceuticals Helps with creating new medicines.
Ex. Human insulin harvested from bacteria.
Vaccines against diseases and maybe even cancers in the future.
Ex. Vaccines in bananas.

30. Criminal Forensics DNA fingerprints of suspects
Paternity/Maternity testing

31. Environmental Cleanup
Bacteria are used to process human sewage in water treatment plants.
Bacteria that can clean up oil spills or breakdown Plastic by eating the oil compounds.
Organisms helping clean up heavy metals (such as Mercury) from mining or waste collection.

32. Agriculture Having organisms produce more food.
Having organisms produce “larger” food.
Having organisms produce hardier food for easy transport across the world.
Having organisms produce healthier foods.
Having organisms that can produce food during winter. (Winterized)

33. Livestock Organisms that are “meatier”.
Organisms that are “leaner”. (Having less fat.)
Organisms that are disease resistant.
Herman the Bull