1. DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering, Karyotyping
Gene Technology

2. IN Activity
What do you already know about some of the ways scientists can alter the genes of an organism?

3. What is a GENOME?
A genome is the total collection of genes an organism has.
Ex: Human Genome Project- scientists now know the sequence of 20,500 genes!
Gene technology helps scientists study genomes of organisms

4. DNA Fingerprinting Also called DNA Profiling
Used to determine paternity or to find criminals with DNA left at crime scenes
Everyone’s DNA fingerprint is unique….except identical twins!
Although, you will have characteristics of your mother’s and father’s fingerprints

5. DNA Fingerprinting
If only a small amount of DNA is available, you can induce replication using polymerase molecules extracted from bacteria
This is called a Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR

6. DNA Fingerprinting

7. DNA Fingerprinting
Special enzymes called restriction enzymes cut the DNA in specific places
This creates different sized pieces of DNA
Everyone’s DNA will be cut into different sized pieces EXCEPT identical twins
This cut DNA is placed into an agarose gel which is then hooked to electrodes

8. DNA Fingerprinting
DNA is negatively charged, so it travels toward the positive electrode
Smaller pieces travel faster and make it farther away from the starting point
This is called Gel Electrophoresis

9. Who committed the crime?

10. Recombinant DNA
Scientists use recombinant DNA technology to “trick” bacteria into making things we need
Insulin for injections is made using this process

11. Recombinant DNA: Making insulin
Steps:
1. The insulin gene is isolated and cut out of a human cell
2. A plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell
A piece of the plasmid is removed and the human gene is inserted
The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterial cell
The bacterial cell will now produce insulin as a product of its transcription and translation

12. Some other uses for Recombinant DNA
Chymosin – used to make cheese
Human growth hormone – used to supplement growth or as a performance enhancing drug
Blood clotting factors – for patients with hemophilia
Hepatitis B Vaccine

13. Genetic Engineering

14. Genetic Engineering Used frequently in the agriculture industry
Organisms that have been genetically engineered are referred to as GMOs, or Genetically Modified Organisms
Can be used to make crops drought-resistant, resistant to pests or pesticides, etc. in order to increase yields.

15. Karyotyping Karyotype-picture of chromosomes
Helps to identify chromosomal mutations (NOT DNA mutations)

16. Karyotyping Monosomy = one copy of a chromosome
Trisomy = three copies of a chromosome
Caused by NON- DISJUNCTION during meiosis

17. OUT:
Describe DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA Technology, Genetic Engineering, and Karyotyping in your own words.