1. Eastern Europe Late 19th Century

2. Austria

3. Austria
Tensions btwn Austria & Hungary = great (Hungarian War of Independence of 1848)
1866: Austria
lost A-P War
excluded from Germany
very vulnerable/weak
Magyars posed a serious threat
Hungarian war of independence – crushed by Austria & Russia. Austria tried to Germanize Hungary by forcing its language & customs on the Magyars 3

4. Nationalities of the Austrian Empire

5. The Compromise of 1867 The Dual Monarchy
Austria + Hungary = Austro-Hungarian Empire

6. How It worked Austrian empire divided in half
Hungary gained autonomy but joined w/ Austria by
One king (Franz Josef I)
Finance Ministry
Defense Min
Foreign affairs Min

7. Emperor Franz Josef I r. 1848-1916

8. Troubles Austria Hungary
Poles
Czechs
Slavs
Hungary
Croatians
Romanians
Mixed ethnicities  nationalism  divisive & slowly weakened A-H Empire

9. 19th C. Russia

10. Nicholas I r
Autocracy
Orthodoxy
Nationalism

11. Alexander II r. 1855-1881 Attempted to liberalize & modernize Russia
Emancipation Manifesto(1861) – abolished serfdom
Nobility opposed
"It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below.”

12. Other Reforms Created Zemstvos – local elected counsels that provided:
Roads
Schools
Medical service
Elections = wealthy

13. Other Reforms (cont.) Improved municipal government
Universal military training (1874)
Encouraged expansion
Industry
Railway network
Still, some were unhappy…

15. Haters Liberals/Radicals wanted: Peasants Parliamentary democracy
Freedom of expression
Peasants
Disappointed w/ Ag. reforms
Paid more for land than worth
Not taken care of

16. Secret Societies Illegal to criticize Tsar
Land & Liberty – reform group
Demanded land be given to peasants
Some members wanted to use violence
Assassination attempt

17. Narodnaya volya People’s Will Faction of Land & Liberty
Wanted constitution
Favored violence/terrorism
Many unsuccessful attempts on Tsar’s life

18. Okhrana
Result: development of a special section of the Russian police force to deal w/ internal security
Under cover agents
Often joined rev. groups to spy on them

19. Assassination of Alexander II
1 March 1881
St. Petersburg
2 explosions
People’s Will

20. The Deceased Alexander II

21. The People’s Will Plotters arrested, tried & executed
(actual assassin had died in explosion)

22. Alexander III
Inherited throne from father
More later…