1. Connectors and Cables Types of connectors and cables Wiring standards Soldering principles Cable testing

2. Connectors Microphones Professional quality will always use either XLR or RTS XLR is the most common Locking connector for greater reliability 3 pin XLR

3. Connectors Microphones Pin out Term which defines which conductors land on which pins There are standards for different devices The standards change in different parts of the world Pin 1 – Ground Pin 2 – Signal Hot Pin 3 – Signal Return

4. Connectors Tip – Ring – Sleeve Used for balanced mic signals More often used unbalanced for multiple channel connections Balanced Pin 1 – Shield Pin 2 – Signal Hot (+) Pin 3 – Signal Return (-) Unbalanced Pin 1 – Signal Return (-) Pin 2 – Signal 1 Hot (+) Pin 3 – Signal 2 Hot (+)

5. Connectors RCA plugs Sometimes called phono plug Not to be confused with ¼ phone plugs Always unbalanced Pin 1 – Signal Hot (+) Pin 2 – Signal Return (-)

6. Cables Wire One individual conductor Cable Two or more conductors combined together in a flexible jacket

7. Cables Cables in theatrical applications receive very rough treatment Stepped on, genie lifts and forklifts roll over, twisting and pulling… Even the best audio equipment in the world will not work with damaged cables! Coiling The over the forearm method is about the worst thing you can do to any cable The wires inside the cable have a natural lay. They will coil nicely if they are allowed to Forcing the wires to bend will weaken and eventually break the wire causing shorts or intermittent connections. Coiling a cable video

8. Cables Cables should always be run cleanly Use the shortest lengths you can. Avoid large coils when possible This allows for an easy concentration of induced noise Never bend cables over sharp edges or right angles Dropping a cable over and I-beam for example Always tie up or tape down under carpets or mats or use industrial cable covers. Avoid using gaff tape directly on cable jackets. Tape will often leave behind a residue of stickiness If two adhesive sides come together it is very difficult to remove.

9. Cables Snakes A cable with multiple pairs of conductors, each with its own screen protected by an overall insulating jacket Tails Break out box

10. Cables Loudspeaker cable Carries much higher electrical power than mic or line level cables Need to be much larger gauge with heavy duty connectors on each end or bare wires Wire has its own internal resistance which will degrade the signal before it reaches the speaker 12 gauge 0.159 Ω / 100 feet 16 gauge 0.402 Ω / 100 feet 24 gauge 2.567 Ω / 100 feet

11. Cable Testing Tools of the trade Multi-meter Device which can measure AC & DC voltage Remember AC voltage changes with time Most meters take and average, NOT RMS value RMS = root-mean-square, which is a more accurate means of measuring voltage AC & DC current Resistance Continuity Some meters will measure other things as well Battery checker Diode checker

12. Cable Testing Oscilloscope A device which draws a graph of a changing electrical signal in real-time Allows you to view exactly what the sine wave looks like Usually a large bench test piece of equipment not usually used in simple sound equipment testing Line tracer Fox and Hound The fox puts an AC signal on a wire and the hound picks it up at the other end The hound looks for the changing magnetic field that the fox produces Can be measured through insulation

13. Soldering Here's a summary of how to make the perfect solder joint. All parts must be clean and free from dirt and grease. Try to secure the work firmly. "Tin" the iron tip with a small amount of solder. Do this immediately, with new tips being used for the first time. Clean the tip of the hot soldering iron on a damp sponge. Many people then add a tiny amount of fresh solder to the cleansed tip. Heat all parts of the joint with the iron for under a second or so. Continue heating, then apply sufficient solder only, to form an adequate joint. Remove and return the iron safely to its stand. It only takes two or three seconds at most, to solder the average joint. Do not move parts until the solder has cooled. Troubleshooting Guide Solder won't "take" - grease or dirt present – de-solder and clean up the parts. Joint is crystalline or grainy-looking - has been moved before being allowed to cool, or joint was not heated adequately - too small an iron/ too large a joint. Solder joint forms a "spike" - probably overheated, burning away the flux.

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