1. Solubility Rules

2. C11-4-10 SOLUBILITY AND PRECIPITATION
OUTCOME QUESTION(S):
C SOLUBILITY AND PRECIPITATION
Explain which factors can affect solubility of solids, liquids, and gases
Differentiate among saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions using a graph of solubility data and solve problems
Explain solubility and precipitation using balanced ionic and net ionic equations
Use a table of solubility rules to predict the formation of a precipitate
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Spectator ion

3. Reactions produce new compounds with different solubility
The ability for a given substance (solute), to dissolve in a solvent.
Soluble and insoluble are relative terms
Solubility curves for each compound are unique
Reactions produce new compounds with different solubility
soluble ?
insoluble

4. Precipitation (ppt) Reaction:
Formation of a compound that is insoluble or
of low solubility in the current solvent.
How do we know what will be undissolved (ppt)?
Ppt reactions are typically SR or DR reactions
soluble
soluble
soluble
ppt
AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq)
NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
Spectator ions - do not precipitate, remain free as ions in solution

5. Basic Solubility Rules (View 1)
All ionic compounds containing Group 1 elements, H+ and ammonium ion are soluble.
All ionic compounds with Group VII elements (other than F) and metals are soluble, except those of Ag+, Hg+1, and Pb+2.
All acetates and nitrates are soluble.
All sulfates are soluble except those of Ba+, Sr+2, Pb+2, Ca+2, Ag+, Hg+1.
Carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, chromates and dichromates are soluble; ONLY when bonded with those in rule.
There are many different ways to present RULES for what will dissolve and what will NOT (ppt)

6. Most rules are based on identifying the anion of the compound first
Basic Solubility Rules (View 2)
Most rules are based on identifying the anion of the compound first

7. Use this one – found on the back of our Periodic Table
Basic Solubility Rules (View 3)
Use this one – found on the back of our Periodic Table

8. Assume the reactants will dissolve…
Using the Solubility Rules:
Assume the reactants will dissolve…
Predict the products and complete the reaction
Check RULES to determine if product(s) ppt
NaCl(aq) KBr(aq)
NaBr(aq) + KCl(aq)
Having no precipitate means “NO REACTION” since everything looks the same (dissolved) before and after

9. Indicate if any of the product form a precipitate (ppt).
KOH(aq) AgNO3(aq)
KNO3(aq) + AgOH(s)
(ppt)
Indicate which compound precipitates (undissolved)
by using the solid (s) phase
Calcium nitrate + sodium carbonate
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
CaCO3(s) NaNO3(aq) 2
(ppt)

10. Indicate if any of the product form a precipitate (ppt).
Na2SO4(aq) KCl(aq) 2 2
NaCl(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
No Reaction
Iron (III) chloride + lead (II) nitrate 2
FeCl3(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 3 2
PbCl2(s) + Fe(NO3)3(aq) 3
(ppt)

11. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Complete ionic equation: displays all ions in their dissociated form.
Ag+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3−(aq)
(ppt)
Spectator ions
Net ionic equation: shows actual (precipitation) reaction that occurs – no spectator ions.
Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s)
Ask: what ions came together to form the precipitate?

12. Write the molecular equation and the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous lead (II) nitrate and aqueous potassium iodide.
Molecular Equation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) 2
PbI2(s) + KNO3(aq) 2
(ppt)
Net Ionic Equation:
Spectator ions K+
NO3−
Pb2+(aq) + 2 I−(aq) → PbI2(s)
Just pull the components (including coefficients) out of the completed molecular equation

13. C11-4-10 SOLUBILITY AND PRECIPITATION
CAN YOU / HAVE YOU?
C SOLUBILITY AND PRECIPITATION
Explain which factors can affect solubility of solids, liquids, and gases
Differentiate among saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions using a graph of solubility data and solve problems
Explain solubility and precipitation using balanced ionic and net ionic equations
Use a table of solubility rules to predict the formation of a precipitate
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Spectator ion