1. Mutations
changes in genetic material (_____)

2. Mutations
changes in genetic material (DNA)

3. Causes of mutations random mistakes when DNA is copied
DNA needs to be copied when cells replicate (duplicate) to make new cells
rare - 1 out of every 100,000,000 replications has a mutation
certain environmental factors trigger mutations
sunlight, radiation, exposure to radon, asbestos, certain viruses like HPV, and smoking

4. What can a mutation change in a cell?
a change in the order of the DNA can change the order of the transcribed RNA
a change in the order of the RNA can change the order of the translated amino acids
a change in the order of the amino acids can change the protein’s structure (shape)
a change in the protein’s structure (shape) can change the ability of the protein to perform its function (job)
it may not change the protein at all, it may cause it to work better, or it could make it work so badly that it kills the cell

5. Cracking the Code of Life
Mutations
Cracking the Code of Life
Chapter Three
One wrong Letter
~15:00 – 25:00

6. Point Mutations changes in just one base pair
only affects one gene and the production of one protein

7. 1. Substitution
change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide

8. original base triplet in a DNA strand
a base substitution within the triplet (red)
During replication, proofreading
enzymes make a substitution
possible outcomes: or
original, unmutated sequence
a gene mutation

9. 1. Substitution
change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide
not all substitutions are harmful

10. The Genetic Code

11. 1. Substitution
change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide
not all substitutions are harmful
sometimes multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

12. 2. Frameshift Mutation two types Insertion Deletion
addition of a nucleotide
Deletion
removal of a nucleotide

13. Frameshift Mutations

14. 2. Frameshift Mutation two types causes a frameshift mutation
Insertion – addition of a nucleotide
Deletion – removal of a nucleotide
causes a frameshift mutation
a shift in the DNA sequence
can lead to early stoppages in the protein or “run on” proteins that are longer than necessary

15. Chromosomal Mutations
mutations that involve an entire sequence of DNA
can affect multiple genes and the production of many proteins

16. 1. Deletion
removal of a large section of DNA

17. 2. Duplication
a section of DNA is copied

18. 3. Inversion
a section of DNA is “flipped”

19. 4. Translocation
sections of DNA switched between non-homologous chromosomes

20. How are mutations passed on to the next generation?
only mutations in reproductive organs or sex cells may be passed onto the next generation
reproductive organs
ovaries and testes
sex cells
eggs and sperm

21. How are mutations passed on to the next generation?
once a mutation is passed to an offspring, all future generations from that offspring could pass on the changed gene

22. Summary
Write a brief summary about what a mutation is and why it causes issues in cells.
What a mutation is:
A change in genetic material (DNA)
Why it causes issues in cells (use “amino acids” and “protein” as a part of your answer):
A change in DNA (instructions) can change the order of the amino acids used to make a protein. If the amino acid order is different, the protein’s structure (shape) may change and it may change the ability of the protein to perform its function (job).