1. AIM: How can different types of boundaries cause problems?
Do Now: Why do we have boundaries?

2. Two more vocabulary words
Enclave – n – territory completely surrounded by another state, but not controlled by it.
Exclave – n – territory separated from the state to which it belongs by the intervening territory of another state.

3. Countries can come in many basic shapes, but most can be grouped into one or more of 5 different categories.
They include; compact, prorupted, elongated, perforated and fragmented.

4. Compact
A compact state with a circular shape is the easiest to manage. Belgium is an excellent example because of the cultural division between Flanders and Wallonia within Belgium. The compact form of Belgium has helped to keep the country together. Compact states are also easier to defend than states of other shapes.

5. Prorupted state having a portion of territory that is elongated.
In the case of Myanmar the reason for the proruption is the shape of the land, but other countries might purposely have one in order to have access to water or to create a buffer zone to protect it from something.

7. Perforated State
state that totally surrounds another state, i.e., San Marino/Italy.
1. How might this cause problems for the smaller state?

9. Elongated State state that is geographically long and narrow
What might be the biggest issue for an elongated state?

11. Fragmented State
state split into many pieces, i.e., Philippines and Indonesia.

12. Which part of the United States is an Exclave?

13. Which part of India is almost an exclave?

14. Which country is an enclave?

15. 4 major types of boundaries
Physiographic boundary – a natural feature like a river, ocean, sea, desert, or mountain.
Geometric boundary - drawn as straight lines and sometimes follow lines of latitude or longitude.
Ethnographic boundary - might be based on one or more cultural traits such as religion, language or ethnicity.
Relic boundary – a boundary that used to exist, but no longer counts as a formal boundary.

16. Examples
The peak of Mt. Everest acts as a border between Nepal and China.
What type of boundary is it?

17. The Great Wall of China
The Great wall was once a boundary separating China from barbarians.
What type of boundary is it today?

18. The 49th Parallel
The 49th Parallel acts as the mark for much of the U.S.A./Canada border.
What type of border is it?

19. North and South Ireland
Most people in Northern Ireland are Protestant, and most people in Southern Ireland are Catholic.
What type of boundary does this represent?

20. What are the disadvantages faced by landlocked states:

21. Frontier

22. Cultural Boundaries

23. Geometric Boundaries

24. Religious Boundaries
Northern Ireland – Protestant Southern Ireland - Catholic

25. Language Boundaries

26. Haiti and the Dominican Republic have had issues defining their common border.

27. At the turn of the 20th century, the Dominican Republic recognized a very different boundary. When the Dominican Republic issued this stamp in 1900, it provoked a political crisis. Why?

28. The border today.
Can you spot the international boundary between Haiti and the Dominican Republic on this satellite image?
What could cause this difference?

29. Border Explained
Deforestation in Haiti is a severe environmental problem. In 1923, over 60% of Haiti's land was forested; by 2006, less than 2% was.
What type of boundary is it?

30. Cyprus Gained independence in 1960.
By 1970, the country’s ethnic distribution was segregated to some degree.

31. Demographics 1,084,748 (July 2009 est.) – population
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001) – Ethnic Groups
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, other (includes Maronite and Armenian Apostolic) 4% - Religions

32. Dispute
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007

33. Cyprus today

34. The Turkish Republic of North Cyprus was established in 1983, but only Turkey has recognized it.
Is it,
A. a stateless nation
B. a quasi-state
C. Nation-state
D. multinational state
E. All of the above