1. The Muslim Empires
( )
Ch. 19

2. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mogul (Mughal) Empires

4. Lesson 1: The Rise & Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
In late 13th century a Turkish leader named Osman began to build power
Expanded and built a strong military, used firearms
Janissaries- a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks; children taken from enslaved Christian populations and converted
Fall of the Byzantine Empire
Ottomans moved into Byzantine territory
Took control of Constantinople in 1453, end of Byzantine (eastern Roman) Empire
Renamed Constantinople  Istanbul
Ottomans now controlled trade routes
This is why Europeans began exploration  to find new trade routes to Asia

5. Life Under Ottoman Rule
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Moved further into Eastern Europe
Controlled most of Hungary before they were pushed out in 17th century
Life Under Ottoman Rule
Imperial Sultans
Political and military leader of Ottoman empire was the Sultan
Position of sultan was hereditary  sons struggled for power, violence ensued
Ottoman government was a bureaucracy
Grand Vizier- chief minister who led council meetings
Empire was divided into provinces and districts governed by officials
Pashas- Responsible for collecting taxes and providing armies for the empire

6. Ottoman Society Sunni Muslim
Ulema- religious advisors to the Sultan; administered legal system and schools for educating Muslims
Very tolerant of non-Muslims
Non-Muslims could practice their own religion if they paid a tax
Significant Christian minority, especially in eastern Europe
Subjects were divided by occupation
Peasants- farmed land leased to them by the gov’t
Artisans- organized into craft guilds, which provided for its members
Merchants- mostly exempt from taxes and gov’t regulations; wealthiest
Nomadic herders

7. Architecture and the Arts
Women’s rights
Allowed to own and inherit property
Could not be forced into marriage, could sometimes seek divorce
A few women served as senior gov’t officials
Architecture and the Arts
Sultans were major patrons of the arts
Architecture blended Turkish and Byzantine cultures
Beautiful mosques
Textiles and rugs
Silk weaving was brought to the west by the Byzantines

9. Lesson 2: The Ottomans and the Safavids
Problems in the Ottoman Empire
Ottomans reached their height under Suleiman the Magnificent ( )
Doubled the size of the empire
Regulated laws and made sure they were properly enforced
Executed two of his own sons on suspicion of treason
His only surviving son, Selim II (the Drunken Sultan) was his only remaining heir
After Suleiman, Ottoman sultans began to allow advisors and ministers to have more power
As time went by, these elites took more and more power away from the Sultan
Corruption, increased taxes, and constant wars weakened the empire

10. The Safavid Empire Shah Esmail seized much of Iran and Iraq in 1501
Ottoman economy declines
European culture began to influence the Ottoman culture
Clothing and art
Coffee and tobacco
Some Ottoman sultans unsuccessfully fought against westernization
Ottomans didn’t invest in manufacturing their own goods
As Ottomans bought more European goods, the balance of trade declined
The Safavid Empire
Shah Esmail seized much of Iran and Iraq in 1501
Declared himself the shah, or king, of a new Persian state
Began conquering parts of the Ottoman Empire

11. Safavids reached their peak under Shah Abbas
Most Muslims at this time were Sunni, but Esmail and his people were Shi’ah
Safavids used Shi’ah Islam as a unifying force throughout their growing empire
Forced majority Sunni population to convert, many refused and were killed or exiled
Safavids reached their peak under Shah Abbas
Modeled gov’t somewhat after the Ottomans
Strong military with new weapons
Declined after the death of Abbas, collapsed in 1700s
Intellectual freedom gave way to religious orthodoxy
Women were forced into seclusion and required to wear a veil
Treatment of non-Muslims got worse
Ottomans began to take over Safavid territory

12. Life Under the Safavids
Culture combined Persian and Turkish elements
Very active in trade
Not as prosperous as surrounding empires
Surrounded by Ottoman and Mogul Empires
Safavids had difficulty trading with Europe
Science, medicine, mathematics, and art flourished

14. Lesson 3: The Mogul Empire
The Mogul Dynasty (Also known as Mughal)
In the 1500s India was divided into many small Hindu and Muslim kingdoms
Babur
Founded the Mogul dynasty
Descendant of Genghis Khan & Timur, Mongol leaders
Inherited small empire that he expanded throughout India
Akbar the Great
Akbar took the Mogul throne at 14
Grandson of Babur
Came to control most of India
Born a Muslim, but showed great tolerance to Hindus
Trade and manufacturing flourished due to a long period of peace and political stability
After Akbar’s death the Mogul empire began to decline

15. Shah Jahan took power Grandson of Akbar
Inherited a nearly empty treasury from his father
Used military to expand borders of empire
Spent lavishly on building projects
Taj Mahal was a tomb for his late wife
Had to raise taxes, which put more strain on peasants
Jahan fell ill and his sons fought for power

16. Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor in 1658
Killed his brother and imprisoned Jahan
Considered a controversial ruler
Mogul empire reached its greatest size under Aurangzeb
Constant warfare and religious intolerance made his subjects resentful
Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim and not as tolerant as his forefathers
Tried to outlaw drinking and gambling
Prohibited building of new Hindu temples
Tried to force Hindus to convert to Islam
Led to many revolts against the imperial government
After Aurangzeb there was a series of weak rulers that never stayed in power long

17. Life in Mogul India
Moguls were Muslims ruling a largely Hindu population
Architecture and art flourished
Blended Persian and Indian styles

18. The Development of Sikhism
During the reign of Babur, a guru (spiritual leader) named Nanak received a vision
Everyone is a child of God and all faiths are different paths toward the same Creator
Guru Nanak traveled and preached a monotheistic message
God loves everyone
One can find unity with God through humanity, meditation, and labor
Rejected discrimination based on caste system, race, religion, or gender
Sikhs initially experienced hostility and persecution from Mogul officials
Today Sikhism is the world’s 5th largest religion

19. Europeans Come to India
The arrival of the British hastened the decline of the Mogul Empire
British came to India seeking cotton
French also established a trading presence, but were driven out by the British
War broke out between British and Mogul armies
British defeated an army of more than ten times its size
Mogul Empire was forced to give East India Company the power to collect taxes in India
East India Company- a British trading company partially controlled by the government that had its own army
British arrogance and incompetence angered and alienated the people of India
Indians were taxed heavily
British merchants and officials became extremely wealthy