1. Process of Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
インドネシア西カリマンタン州のグヌンパルン国立公園における森林減少および農地拡大の過程
　筑波大学、環境科学研究科
University of Tsukuba　
Master’s Program in Environmental Sciences
Masuda Laboratory
Franky Zamzani

2. g Background Deforestation in Indonesia: 0.8 million ha/year (1993)
(Revilla, 1993; FAO, 2006)
Forest
Deforestation also occurred in national park
Land-use changes
Causes of deforestation :
Proximate causes
logging, agricultural expansion, infra-structure extension, etc.
Underlying causes
demographic, socio-economic, technology, policy, cultural factors
(Geist and Lambin, 2002)
Non forest

3. Forest Cover Changes in Indonesia (1985-1997)
Island
Forest Cover (ha)
Forest Change (ha)
Annual Change Rate (%)
1985
1997
Sumatra
22,938,825
16,430,300
-6,508,525
-2.15
Java
1,274,600
1,869,675
595,075
3.60
Bali
96,450
76,700
-19,750
-1.50
Nusa Tenggara
686,775
450,450
-236,325
-2.60
East Timor
374,400
9,850
-364,550
-7.46
Kalimantan
39,644,025
29,637,475
-10,006,550
-1.92
Sulawesi
11,192,950
7,950,900
-3,242,050
-2.23
Maluku
5,790,800
5,820,975
30,175
0.07
Irian Jaya
35,192,725
33,382,475
-1,810,250
-0.38
Total
117,191,550
95,628,800
-21,562,750
-1.38
Source: FWI/GFW, 2002

4. Objectives and study area
Indonesia
Objectives:
To identify proximate and underlying causes of deforestation inside a national park
Kalimantan Island
Study site:
Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP)
West Kalimantan
Established in 1990
ha (in the document)
Source: MoF, 2002

5. Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) is one of 50 national parks in Indonesia located in West Kalimantan. Established in 1990.
GPNP is the habitat of Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), 236 birds species (Laman et al., 1996), and 73 mammals (Blundell, 1996).
Comprises large variety of ecosystem, from coastal area to hilly mountain forest.
The ecosystem has been threatened particularly after the economic crisis.
Photo by: Tim Laman and GPNP Collection

6. Previous studies on GPNP
Proximate causes of deforestation
Illegal logging
Agricultural expansion
Forest fires
Underlying causes of deforestation
Legality of the boundary
No implementation of zoning
Lack of community supports
High dependency of local people on the resources inside the park
(Soekmadi, 2002; European Union, 2005)

7. Methods To examine land cover changes
To identify the driving forces of farmers that related to the agricultural expansion inside the national park
Deforestation
Land use changes
Socio-economic characteristics
Spatial analysis (time series)
Landsat TM, ETM (1992, 1999)
SPOT5 (2004)
Household survey:
Type of land use
Family size
Education
Monthly income
Agricultural expansion
Land cover map
Identify the main
proximate cause
Identify
the underlying driving causes
Discussion

8. Methods Time series analysis remotely-sensed imagery Household survey
Villages surrounding GPNP (17)
Purposively selected, in the sense of encroachment
Landsat 1992, 1999,SPOT5 2004
Geometric
correction
Normalize/
radiometric
Subset to
boundary
P Village
S Village
Sd Village
T Village
Landsat 1992, 1999,corrected
S Village (397)
Randomly selected
Pre-processing
Processing
With encroachment
(160)
Without encroachment
(237)
Select training area
- Aerial Survey
Field-base
knowledge
Supervised Classification
Respondents
(41)
Randomly selected
Forest cover map
Interviews
Key informants
Group discussion

9. Location of household survey
Study site
Study site
GPNP
Source: MoF, 2002
Source: SPOT5 imagery, 2004

10. g Land cover changes 1992 1999 2004 Forest Illegal logging area
Grass/shrub
Mix garden/bush
Open land
Settlement
No Data
2004

11. g Land cover changes Agricultural expansion Class 1992 1999 2004 ha %
Forest
93,979
94.1
90,293
90.5
81,145
81.3
Illegal logging area
0.0
1,063
1.1
3,781
3.8
Mix garden/bush
2,636
2.6
4,557
4.6
9,040
9.1
Open land
847
0.8
722
0.7
804
Grass/shrub
2,358
2.4
3,185
3.2
4,132
4.1
Settlement 47
No data
871
0.9
Total
99,820
100.0
Agricultural expansion

12. g Land cover changes 2004 1999 1992 20 40 60 80 100 Forest
Illegal logging area
Mix garden/bush
Open land
Grass/shrub
Settlement
No Data
1999
1992 20 40 60 80
100
(X 1,000 ha)

13. Deforestation in GPNP, 1992-2004
Non Forest
Deforestation
= 0.6% per year
= 2.0% per year

14. Deforestation in GPNP, 1992-2004
Rate of class change
Forest
-3.9
-10.1
Illegal logging area
1.1
3.0
Mix Garden/Bush
2.0 5
Open Fallow
-0.1
Grass/Shrub
0.9 1
Settlement
No Data

15. Pattern of land cover changes, 1992-1999 g
Forest
0 ha
0 ha
0 ha
1,430 ha
989 ha
675 ha
Mix Garden/
Bush
Grass/
Shrub
118 ha
205 ha
237 ha
259 ha
1,051 ha
139 ha
Open Land

16. Pattern of land cover changes, 1999-2004 g
Forest
0 ha
0 ha
0 ha
4,501 ha
1,235 ha
428 ha
Mix Garden/
Bush
Grass/
Shrub
1,191 ha
198 ha
255 ha
225 ha
213 ha
264 ha
Open Land

17. Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers
Land-use type and allocation
Type
Area ha %
Wet-rice
22.4 21
Dry-rice
29.8 28
Rubber garden
54.0 51
Total
106.2
100 1
rubber
dry-rice 10 14 2
wet-rice
Source: Field survey, 2007 (August 3, 2007).
Source: Field survey, n=41.
Land encroached: 83.8 ha
Average: 2.0 ha/HH

18. Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers
Family size
Source: Field survey, n=41
Category: small (1-3 persons) = 13 HHs, middle (4-6) = 27 HHs large (>6) = 1 HH
Average family size = 4 persons/HH

19. Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers
Labor forces in a household
Source: Field survey, n=41
Most of households opened new land by own labor. When a household had insufficient labor force to open larger area, “cooperative effort” (jejurukan) could be employed. This is a reciprocal exchange of labor force among households, which can be assumed as one of the reasons behind no correlation between labor force and the area of land encroached.

20. Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers
Monthly income
1 kg rice = Rp.3,500/kg
(= 43 円/kg)
1 kg rubber = Rp.6,000/kg
(= 75 円/kg)
(1 円 = Rp.80)
Source: Field survey, n=41
Average income: Rp.1,252,700/month (=15,700円/month)
Rubber is 79% from the total source income
Dry-rice productivity: 400 kg/ha/year
Rubber: 500 trees/ha, productivity: 6-8 kg/day on average

21. Discussions
Illegal logging and agricultural expansion increased after economic crisis and decentralization which started in 1999.
Rubber gardens have been increased inside the park. The objective to plant rubber was to leave property to descendants. Their decision to plant rubber inside the park was related to the soil condition.
Zoning system of GPNP by clear demarcation (participatory mapping and communal agreement) is recommended.
Alternative income sources also should be created by the government for the farmers to diminish their dependencies to the NP.