1. Chapter 7: Digital Images
Section III: Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7: Digital Images

2. Frameworks: What we know. . .
Do digital images enhance learning?
If they are related to the text
Assists the learner to understand the purpose
Have a function such as illustrate or emphasize a particular point
Greatly enhances learning for students with special needs 2

3. Frameworks: What we know. . .
Do digital images have learning functions?
Decoration
Representation
Organization
Interpretation
Transformation 3

4. Frameworks: What we know. . .
What function do images used for decoration serve?
Breaks up the text to make it more appealing to the reader.
Example: 4

5. Frameworks: What we know. . .
What function do images used for representation serve?
Assist reader’s understanding of complex or unfamiliar concepts.
Earth’s Core: 5

6. Frameworks: What we know. . .
What function do images used for organizational images serve?
Organizational images relate step-by-step processes and how-to explanations to the reader.
Example: Step-by-step instructions for tying a Windsor knot. 6

7. Frameworks: What we know. . .
What function do images used for interpretational serve?
Provide the reader with assistance in understanding or interpreting abstract or difficult information
Carbon cycle 7

8. Frameworks: What we know. . .
What function do images used for transformation serve?
Images used for transformation aid the reader in transforming the text information by viewing pictures using application of mnemonic (memory enhancing) pictures.
Trichina is a roundworm
found in uncooked
pork. 8

9. Basics: Digital Images
What are pixels? (short for picture elements)
Tiny squares that make up a digital image.
A tonal value (black, white, shades of gray or color.
A photo is similar to a mosaic with each tile being a pixel. 9

10. Basics: Obtaining Digital Images
What can I obtain digital images?
Digital cameras
Scanners
CD/DVD collections
Web collections
Screenshots 10

11. Basics: Digital Image Resolution
What is resolution and why do I care?
Image created from the number of pixels or dots used. Relates to the sharpness of the image.
Resolution is defined for
computer monitors
digital cameras
printers
Needs vary for electronic files VS. print files. 11

12. Basics: More Digital Image Resolution
Consider how the image will be ultimately used.
Electronic?
Measured in pixels per inch (ppi)
Output on the computer
Does not need to be high resolution ppi
High resolution photos will appear very large on the computer screen
Print?
Measured in dots per inch (dpi)
Needs to be high resolution -
At least 300 dpi
Larger file sizes take up more memory.

13. Basics: Digital Camera
Are there basic parts to a camera that are fundamental to using it effectively?
Power on/off button
Camera modes
Optical viewfinder
LCD screen
Camera lens
Shutter
Flash
Memory sources
Power sources 13

14. Basics: Digital Camera Modes
Are there different camera modes to use?
Record Mode
Take photos
Access menu to select settings (resolution)
Make adjustments (flash and zoom)
Playback mode
Works with LCD viewer
View images
Erase unwanted images
May have video mode
Record brief video (determined by storage capacity 14

15. Basics: Viewfinder or LCD?
Does it matter whether I use the viewfinder or LCD?
Optical viewfinder
Small window located on the back of the camera
Uses no power
Not part of the lens so not accurate
LCD screen
Small screen located at the back of the camera
Used for previewing
More accurate than viewfinder
Drains battery power quickly 15

16. Basics: Camera Lenses Are all camera lenses the same? Camera lenses
Made of plastic or glass
Differ in quality and ability to takes photos at distances
Fixed focus: cannot vary focal length
Digital zoom
Optical zoom 16

17. Basics: Shutter and Flash
What is the function of the shutter and flash?
Shutter (inside lens)
Lets light into lens when pressed
Shutter lab
Causes blurry photos
Flash
Control on light shown on the photo
Avoid red eye by NOT shooting in low light 17

18. Basics: Memory Sources
Are there different types of memory for a camera?
Fixed memory
Limited amount of “onboard” memory
Removable memory
Offers more space
Can be erased and reused
Easy transfer from camera to computer
Types
Compact flash(CF), Secure Digital (SD)
Memory Sticks (Sony) 18

19. Basics: Connectivity How do I connect the camera to the computer?
USB or Firewire cable/port
Card reader
Dock
Wireless connection 19

20. Basics: Scanners Are all scanners the same? Models
Flatbed
Sheet-fed
Film
Scanner software is needed
Special software for scanning text - OCR
Connectivity
USB
Resolution
Set the resolution for the destination of the file (print or electronic)

21. Basics: CD and Web Collections
How do I get an image from a CD collection or Web Collection?
CD collection
Big Box of Art
Export file to flash drive
Web collection
Many free sites (see On the Web)
Google images: what about copyright?
Save the file to the flash drive
Resolution
Will be set at electronic resolution unless noted

22. Basics: Saving Digital Files
Are there file types to use when working with digital still images?
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
Support full color
Used for photos (digital cameras)
Lossy compression
Used for web
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
Supports 256 distinct colors
Small files
Lossless compression 22

23. Basics: More File Types
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
Support full color
Small files
Lossless compression
Used for web
Not recognized by older browsers
TIFF: Tagged Image File Format
Supports full color
Very large files
Used for print-based 23

24. Basics: More About Graphics
Can I resize all images and retain the sharpness of the image?
Raster (bit-mapped)
Created with cameras, scanners, camcorders and screen captures
Consists of pixels.
Can be made smaller but not larger without distortion
Vector (objects-based)
Developed in drawing programs
Created by set of mathematical instructions that identify shapes, curves and lines.
Can be stretched without distortion.

25. Basics: More About Graphics
Can I reduce the size of images?
High quality graphics are very large files and therefore hard to store, , or view on the web.
Compression
Reducing the size of the file
Too much compression affects image quality
Lossless and Lossy Compression
Lossless: no data is lost during compression. GIF
Lossy: data is lost each time the image is compressed. JPEG

26. Basics: Legal and Ethical Use
Are there legal and ethical considerations for use of digital images?
Copyright Law
Addresses the legal and ethical use of images by others
Fairuse
Places stipulations on use so that permission is not required
May use in a face-to-face environment for education

27. Basics: Legal and Ethical Use
What is the legal and ethical use of
Illustrations and photographs
Photo: May use a complete photo from a photographer but not more than 5 from a particular photographer
Collection: May use 15 photos for 10% whichever is smallest
Take your own photos: none of children without parent permission
Resources from the Web
Can be downloaded and used for in-class projects but not republished on the web

28. Voices in the Classroom
Using Digital Images in Early Learning
Vicki Wells
1st grade teacher
Dogwood Elementary in Tennessee
In this Voice, Vickie Wells, inner-city teacher, discusses how she uses digital cameras with her 1st grade students. Making books to record classroom activities, finding shapes at the school and identifying the helpers at the school are ways that she integrates digital cameras into language arts, math and social studies.

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