1. The Reformation and Counter Reformation
The shift in political and spiritual beliefs

2. The Protestant Reformation Begins

3. Renaissance Humanism IMPORTANT REMINDER….
Humanism – way of understanding the world that believed that the individual and human society were important

4. The Weakening of the Roman Catholic Church and Calls to Reform
Catholicism in the 1400s
Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly
Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots
Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation
Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality
People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened
Heavy taxation also caused discontent
Dissatisfaction
Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences: pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica
Financing Basilica
Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed
Sale of indulgences widely criticized
Government separate from the church
Working Off Sins

7. Calls to Reform - John Wycliffe
English scholar
Objected the authority of the Pope and the Church to take English money
Had The Bible translated from Latin to English so regular folks could read it
Key voice during the Great Schisms – questioned the authority of the Pope
He and his followers persecuted by the Church for heresy
Lasting legacy
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8. Calls to Reform – Jan Hus
Priest from Bohemia
Agreed with Wycliffe – but added the true head of The Church was Jesus Christ
Wanted The Bible and mass services to be held in common languages (or vernacular).
Charged with heresy and burned at the stake
Influenced others…like Martin Luther
Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church
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9. Calls to Reform – Catherine of Sienna
Remember Sienna from our Renaissance Act-it-Out?!?!
Italian mystic (a person devoted to religion and has spiritual experiences)
Heavily involved in The Church – but more spiritual
Convinced Pope Gregory XI to move the papacy back to Rome from Avignon, France.
Declared a saint by the church based on her deep spirituality – not her religious practices.
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10. Calls to Reform – Desiderus Eramus
Dutch priest – HUMANIST
1509 – published his book The Praise of Folly (folly = foolishness) – a satire of the society and the abuses of power by the church.
Highly interested and pushed for reform
Wanted to make changes from the inside
Translated The Bible from Latin to German vernacular
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11. Calls to Reform – Martin Luther
1517 – challenged the Catholic Church and led a movement known as Protestantism (to Protest)
Believed that only faith = salvation
Ninety Five Theses – arguments against indulgences (Wittenberg)
Excommunicated by Pope
Created his own denomination (branch)
Ended up siding with the elite during war

12. The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion
Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful
In theses (95), said indulgences had no power to remit sin
Criticized power of pope, wealth of church
Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people
The Ninety-Five Theses
Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards
Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals
Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople
Desire for reform grew
Stimulated Discussion

14. Martin Luther and the Break
Luther’s Message
Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate
Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace can’t be won by good works; faith alone needed
1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope
Empowered the People
Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible
To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German
Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

15. Martin Luther - Reactions
Reactions to Luther
Church’s Response
1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church
1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
German Diet
Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms
Refused to change opinions
Edict of Worms
Emperor handed down Edict of Worms
Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings
Luther’s ideas spread
Protestant
1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany
German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this
Term Protestant came from this

16. Martin Luther - Reactions
Question:
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.
Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope

17. Further Calls to Reform – Huldrych Zwyngli
Priest from Switzerland
Influenced by Eramus and Luther
Wanted religious focus to be solely based on The Bible - persuaded his local government to ban any worship not based on The Bible
Attached the notion of saints, relics and images
In the churches that followed his teachings, no music, no singing, no images/statues
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18. Further Calls to Reform – John Calvin
French humanist
Wrote the book Institutes of the Christian Religion – highly respected book
God decides everything in advance, including who will go to heaven and hell: Predestination
To prove they were “chosen” people lived good lives and worked hard
Kings couldn’t run the church
Became the Puritans
Believed in theocracy-church led government
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19. Further Calls to Reform – John Calvin
Background
John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther
Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists
Supported reforms of Luther in Germany
Influenced by Augustine
Preached doctrine of predestination
God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation
Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end
People Sinful by Nature
Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior
Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline
Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation

20. Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII
Formed the Church of England – proclaimed himself the head
6 wives (2 divorces, 2 beheaded) because he wanted a son
Pope refused his request for annulment, makes like the marriage never happened
1534 The Act of Supremacy declared the king head of the Church of England not the pope
No longer wanted to share his power.

21. Further Calls to Reform – William Tyndale
English poet, scholar and writer
Attached the corruption of the Catholic church – advocated for the Church of England
Burned at the stake for heresy
Translated the New Testament and parts of the Old Testament into English.

22. The Spread and Impact of the Reformation
Catholics & Protestants

25. Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII
Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers.
Reformation began with the king in England
1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17
Devout Catholic - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
A King’s Protest
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England
Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled
Pope would not agree to annulment
Annulment
Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment
Dilemma became “the king’s great matter”
Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Opposition

26. The Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation - Council of Trent
Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified teaching on important points.
Delegates addressed abuses
Reforms addressed corruption of clergy
Training of priests regulated
Financial abuses curbed
Sale of indulgences abolished
Reforms
Rejected Protestants’ emphasis on self-discipline, individual faith
Argued church helped believers achieve salvation using mystery, magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith
Mystery
No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism
Bold action great boost to Catholicism, renewed energy, confidence
Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles
No Compromise

27. Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII
Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers.
Reformation began with the king in England
1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17
Devout Catholic - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith”
A King’s Protest
By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England
Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled
Pope would not agree to annulment
Annulment
Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment
Dilemma became “the king’s great matter”
Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Opposition

28. The Reformation Parliment
Henry Takes Over
Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope
Henry became head of Church of England
Church of England
Henry changed rituals of church very little
Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles
This built more public support for split from Catholic Church
Act of Supremacy
Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
Protestantism would go through varying levels of support with Henry’s heirs

29. The Reformation Parliment
Main Idea
Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere.

30. The Counter Reformation
1500s & 1600s Catholic Church set out to defeat Protestantism = Counter – Reformation
Bloody wars were fought until 1648
Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent to fix the Catholic Church
Jesuits – Society of Jesus, pope’s agents to spread Catholicism
Catholic kings sent missionaries to convert

31. Pope Paul III

32. More Counter Reformation
The Thirty Years’ War-worst religious war of the Reformation
Protestants to the North of Europe, Catholics to the South of Europe
The Spanish Inquisition – Catholic Court used to combat heresy
Executed 2,000 Spaniards
King Henry IV of France a Catholic king allowed French Protestants (Huguenots) to worship

33. France
France
Inquisition

34. Henry IV
Of Spain

35. The Six Wives of Henry VIII

36. Back and Forth in England
Henry’s daughter Mary becomes queen in 1553 and restores Catholicism
Arrested Protestants and had 300 burned at the stake, “Bloody Mary”
After 5 years Mary died, her half-sister takes the throne--Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth I – restored the Anglican Church and became a great leader

37. Bloody Mary

38. Elizabeth I