1. Macromolecule Polymer Monomer
Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know.
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer

2. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO

3. So What Is A Macromolecule?

4. Next Word…..
Polymer

5. "Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...

6. MANY
POLY means

7. What does “Mono” mean? 1

8. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

9. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

10. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

11. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

12. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…..
what they do for living things.
what they generally look like.
what their monomers are.
and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

13. Keep the following in mind when studying this material:
Nucleic Acids What they look like
Carbohydrates What they do/Where are they
Lipids What are they made up of-
at the level of atoms
Proteins
Keep the following in mind when studying this material:

14. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

15. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)
In animal products- in MILK

16. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex

17. Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers
Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet.

18. Complex Carbohydrates… What are they?
Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers.
Most also taste starchy.

19. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

20. Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
GLUCOSE

21. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

22. CARBOHYDRATES Carbon (C) + water (“hydro”=H2O)
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbon (C) + water (“hydro”=H2O)

23. PROTEINS
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

24. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

25. HORMONES
Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another.
These are where the
hormone producing
glands are located
in your body.

26. PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranes
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell membranes
In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

27. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

28. http://www. hcc. mnscu. edu/programs/dept/chem/V

29. http://upload. wikimedia

30. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string

31. PROTEINS THINK: “nitrogen” Each protein is made up of…
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “nitrogen”

32. LIPIDS
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

33. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

34. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen

35. Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids
If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth.
Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolonged use, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts.
If genetically predisposed to becoming
bald, balding will happen more quickly.
Future risks of liver cancer & disease.
Enlarged heart which can lead to death

36. LIPIDS In plants- in the seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals
Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

37. LIPIDS Glycerol + 3 fatty acids a triglyceride
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
a triglyceride

38. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
This is a triglyceride molecule

39. Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

40. Cis and Trans Fatty Acids

41. Cis –vs-Trans Shapes

42. Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

43. (This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol

44. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

45. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA
Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

46. NUCLEIC ACIDS In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells
In animals- inside the nucleus of each cell

47. NUCLEIC ACIDS

48. NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotides
Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

49. Number of Calories it provides
ENERGY
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids