1. FLOODS

2. Mesopotamian Cosmos Waters Above Firmament Sky Earth
Waters Below (abzu)

3. ziggurat

4. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Primal Unity 2. Separation
3. Proliferation of Beings
4. Destabilization
5. Regret; Plot
6. Confrontation
7. Resolution
8. Stability

5. Enuma Elish
The gods of that generation would meet together and disturb Tiamat, and their clamor reverberated. They stirred up Tiamat's belly, they were annoying her by playing inside Anduruna. Apsu could not quell their noise and Tiamat became mute before them: however grievous their behavior to her, however bad their ways, she would indulge them... Apsu made his voice heard and spoke to Tiamat in a loud voice: "Their ways have become very grievous to me, by day I cannot rest, by night I cannot sleep. I shall abolish their ways and disperse them! Let peace prevail, so that we can sleep."

6. Pre-Emergent World Post-Emergent World nothing something rest movement
silence
noise
sleep
restlessness
• ambivalence over world
genesis as split and separation
lost harmony
culture as mixed blessing
• instability
water vs. mountain
flesh vs. mineral, bread vs. gemstone, corruption vs. permanence
time/history as degenerative

7. Gilgamesh Synopsis I
Gilgamesh bad king. Gods create wildman Enkidu. Lured into intercourse, Enkidu becomes "civilized.” II
Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight to a stalemate and become friends.
III
Vision of corpse. Gilgamesh plans expedition to the Cedar Forest. IV
Journey to Cedar Forest.  V
Defeat of Huwawa. Cedars cut down for door of temple. VI
Gilgamesh rejects advances of Inanna. Bull of Heaven destroyed. Enkidu insults Inanna; gods condemn him to death.
VII
On deathbed Enkidu has vision of Land of Ereshkigal, Queen of the Dead.
VIII
Lamentation over Enkidu. IX
Gilgamesh wanders the earth in search of immortal Uta-napishtim, once mortal. X
Gilgamesh crosses Waters of Death to visit Uta-napishtim. XI
Utnapishtim tells Flood story. Gilgamesh fails test. On return journey, loses plant of rejuvenation. Returns to Uruk, builds wall, inscribes adventures, dies.

8. Gilgamesh Tablet XI

9. Sumerian King-List

10. Sumerian King-List
After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. (257,655 BCE)
KING
REIGN (years)
Alulim
28,800
Alalangar
36,000
En-men-lu-ana
43,200
En-men-gal-ana
Dumuzid
En-sipad-zid-ana
En-men-dur-ana
21,000
Ubara-Tutu
18,600
Then the flood swept over. (16,455 BCE)
After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish.

11. In Shuruppak, Ubara-Tutu became king; he ruled for 5 sars and 1 ner [18,600 years]. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years. Then the flood swept over.
DATE
SITE
2900 BCE
Shuruppak
localized river flooding northward to Kish

13. Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
• gods subjected to work • gods revolt against Enlil • human being created from clay + flesh + blood of slain god Geshtu-e

14. Enlil & Enki (Ea)

15. Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
The country was as noisy as a bellowing bull. The god grew restless at their racket. Enlil had to listen to their noise. He addressed the great gods, “The noise of mankind has become too much, I am losing sleep over the racket, Give the order that suruppu-disease shall break out.”

16. Myth of Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
ENLIL
ENKI
disease
medicine

17. Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
600 years, less than 600 passed, and the country became too wide, the people too numerous. The country was as noisy as a bellowing bull. The god grew restless at their racket. Enlil had to listen to their noise. He addressed the great gods, “The noise of mankind has become too much, I am losing sleep over the racket, Cut off food supplies to the people! Let the vegetation be too scant for their hunger! Let Adad wipe away his rain, Below let no flood-water flow from the springs. Let wind go, let it strip the ground bare, Let clouds gather but not drop rain, Let the field yield a diminished harvest…”

18. Myth of Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
ENLIL
ENKI
disease
medicine
drought
irrigation
famine
agriculture

19. Myth of Myth of Atrahasis (ca. 1700 BCE)
ENLIL
ENKI
disease
medicine
drought
irrigation
famine
agriculture
flood
warns Atrahasis; instructions for boat

20. Cosmogonic Stages Great Flood
1. Primal Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation of Beings 1. Overpopulation/Corruption 4. Destabilization 2. Destabilization 5. Expression of Regret 3. Expression of Regret 5. Decision to Destroy World 4. Decision to Destroy World 5. Attempts to Avert Flood 6. Confrontation 6. Flood Sent 7. Resolution 7. Reform/Covenant 8. Stability 8. Stability

21. Near Eastern Flood Narrative Pattern
Degraded state of world
•Reason for Flood
Destruction of world by flood
•Selection of individual human being
•Instructions on boat and stowing of animals
•Drowning of all life on earth
•Attempts to determine when waters subside
•Individual disembarks
•Sacrifice
•Flood condemned
•Reform
•Deity promises not to send Flood again
•Covenant
•Blessing of human being

22. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
Enlil displeased by noise and overpopulation
Enlil regrets creation, plans flood
Enki informs Atrahasis
Enki instructs Atrahasis to build boat with multiple decks
Atrahasis fills boat with birds, cattle, wild animals
Enlil sends 7-day/7-night rain
all life on earth drowned
[text broken]

23. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
[text broken]
Atrahasis disembarks
burnt offerings
gods smell pleasant odor, gather “like flies”
Nintu condemns flood, blames Enlil
Enlil enraged that destruction is not complete
Enki confesses to warning Atrahasis
Nintu makes necklace out of flies as memento of flood
diseases and disabilities to curb overpopulation

24. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH XI
Enlil displeased by noise and overpopulation
Enlil regrets creation, plans flood
Enki informs Atrahasis
Enki informs Uta-napishti
Enki instructs Atrahasis to build boat with multiple decks
Enki instructs Uta-napishti to build boat with multiple decks
Atrahasis fills boat with birds, cattle, wild animals
Uta-napishti fills boat with household possessions, “all the seed of living things,” cattle, wild beasts
Enlil sends 7-day/7-night rain
Enlil sends 7-day rain
all life on earth drowned
[text broken]
boat aground on Mt. Nimush
Uta-napishti sends dove; dove returns
Uta-napishti sends swallow; swallow returns

25. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH XI
[text broken]
Uta-napishti sends raven; raven does not return
Atrahasis disembarks
Uta-napishti disembarks
burnt offerings
burnt offerings (incense)
gods smell pleasant odor, gather “like flies”
Nintu condemns flood, blames Enlil
Inanna condemns flood, blames Enlil
Enlil enraged that destruction is not complete
Enki confesses to warning Atrahasis
Enki confesses to warning Uta-napishti
Nintu makes necklace out of flies as memento of flood
Inanna makes necklace out of flies as memento of flood
diseases and disabilities to curb overpopulation
famine, predation to curb overpopulation
Uta-napishti and wife immortalized

26. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH XI
HEBREW GENESIS
Enlil displeased by noise and overpopulation
Yahweh displeased by moral corruption
Enlil regrets creation, plans flood
Yahweh regrets creation, plans flood
Enki informs Atrahasis
Enki informs Uta-napishti
Yahweh informs Noah
Enki instructs Atrahasis to build boat with multiple decks
Enki instructs Uta-napishti to build boat with multiple decks
Yahweh instructs Noah to build boat with multiple decks
Atrahasis fills boat with birds, cattle, wild animals
Uta-napishti fills boat with household possessions, “all the seed of living things,” cattle, wild beasts
Noah fills boat with 7 male/ female pairs of each clean animal, one male/female pair of each unclean animal
Enlil sends 7-day/7-night rain
Enlil sends 7-day rain
Yahweh sends 40-day rain and water from below
all life on earth drowned

27. Firmament
And God [Elohim] made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament. [Genesis 1:8]

28. Genesis 7:11-12
11 In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, on the seventeenth day of the second month—on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. 12 And rain fell on the earth forty days and forty nights.

29. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH XI
HEBREW GENESIS
Enlil displeased by noise and overpopulation
Yahweh displeased by moral corruption
Enlil regrets creation, plans flood
Yahweh regrets creation, plans flood
Enki informs Atrahasis
Enki informs Uta-napishti
Yahweh informs Noah
Enki instructs Atrahasis to build boat with multiple decks
Enki instructs Uta-napishti to build boat with multiple decks
Yahweh instructs Noah to build boat with multiple decks
Atrahasis fills boat with birds, cattle, wild animals
Uta-napishti fills boat with household possessions, “all the seed of living things,” cattle, wild beasts
Noah fills boat with 7 male/ female pairs of each clean animal, one male/female pair of each unclean animal
Enlil sends 7-day/7-night rain
Enlil sends 7-day rain
Yahweh sends 40-day rain and water from below
all life on earth drowned
[text broken]
boat aground on Mt. Nimush
boat aground on Mt. Ararat
Uta-napishti sends dove; dove returns
Noah sends raven; raven returns
Uta-napishti sends swallow; swallow returns
Noah sends dove; dove returns
Noah sends dove again; dove returns with olive leaf
Uta-napishti sends raven; raven does not return
Noah sends dove third time; dove does not return

30. SUMERIAN ATRAHASIS
BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH XI
HEBREW GENESIS
Atrahasis disembarks
Uta-napishtim disembarks
Noah disembarks
burnt offerings
gods smell pleasant odor, gather “like flies”
Yahweh smells pleasant odor
Nintu condemns flood, blames Enlil
Inanna condemns flood, blames Enlil
Yahweh promises not to send flood again
Enlil enraged that destruction is not complete
Enki confesses to warning Atrahasis
Enki confesses to warning Uta-napishti
Yahweh blesses Noah
Yahweh makes rules about shedding and eating blood
Nintu makes necklace out of flies as memento of flood
Inanna makes necklace out of flies as memento of flood
Yahweh establishes rainbow as covenant with Noah
diseases and disabilities to curb overpopulation
famine, predation to curb overpopulation
[120-year limit on human lifespan]
[text broken]
Uta-napishti and wife immortalized
Noah’s family multiplies

31. Reason
Atrahasis I
And the country became too wide, the people too numerous.
The country was as noisy as a bellowing bull.
The god grew restless at their racket, Enlil had to listen to their noise.
He addressed the great gods, “The noise of mankind has become too much, I am losing sleep…”

32. Enuma Elish
The gods of that generation would meet together and disturb Tiamat, and their clamor reverberated. They stirred up Tiamat's belly, they were annoying her by playing inside Anduruna. Apsu could not quell their noise and Tiamat became mute before them: however grievous their behavior to her, however bad their ways, she would indulge them... Apsu made his voice heard and spoke to Tiamat in a loud voice: "Their ways have become very grievous to me, by day I cannot rest, by night I cannot sleep. I shall abolish their ways and disperse them! Let peace prevail, so that we can sleep."

33. Reason Atrahasis I Gilgamesh XI
And the country became too wide, the people too numerous.
The country was as noisy as a bellowing bull.
The god grew restless at their racket, Enlil had to listen to their noise.
He addressed the great gods, “The noise of mankind has become too much, I am losing sleep…”
Shuruppak is a city you yourself know, situated on the bank of the Euphrates. That city was already old when the gods within it decided that the great gods should make a flood.

34. Reason Atrahasis I Gilgamesh XI Genesis 6:1-7
And the country became too wide, the people too numerous.
The country was as noisy as a bellowing bull.
The god grew restless at their racket, Enlil had to listen to their noise.
He addressed the great gods, “The noise of mankind has become too much, I am losing sleep…”
Shuruppak is a city you yourself know, situated on the bank of the Euphrates. That city was already old when the gods within it decided that the great gods should make a flood.
1 When men began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, 2 the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took to wife such of them as they chose. 3 Then the Lord said, "My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for he is flesh, but his days shall be a hundred and twenty years." 
...
5 The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that … his heart was only evil And the Lord was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. 7 So the Lord said, "I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the ground, man and beast and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them."

35. Sacrifice Atrahasis III He put down [ ], provided food [ ]
The gods smelled the fragrance,
gathered like flies over the offering.
When they had eaten the offering,
Nintu got up and blamed them all...

36. Sacrifice Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI He put down[ ], provided food [ ]
The gods smelled the fragrance,
gathered like flies over the offering.
When they had eaten the offering,
Nintu got up and blamed them all...
I made a sacrifice,
set out a surginnu-offering upon the mountain peak,
arranged 7 and 7 jars.
Into the bottom of them I poured reeds, pine, myrtle.
the gods smelled the pleasant fragrance,
the gods like flies gathered over the sacrifice.

37. Sacrifice Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI Genesis 8:20-21 He put down [ ],
provided food [ ]
The gods smelled the fragrance,
gathered like flies over the offering.
When they had eaten the offering,
Nintu got up and blamed them all...
I made a sacrifice,
set out a surginnu-offering upon the mountain peak,
arranged 7 and 7 jars.
Into the bottom of them I poured reeds, pine, myrtle.
the gods smelled the pleasant fragrance,
the gods like flies gathered over the sacrifice.
20 Then Noah built an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
21 And when the Lord smelled the pleasing odor, the Lord said in his heart, "I will never again curse the ground because of man...”

38. Covenant Atrahasis III Then she went up to the big flies
which Anu had made, and declared before the gods,
“His grief is mine! My destiny goes with his!
He must deliver me from evil and appease me!
[ ]
Let these flies be the lapis lazuli of my necklace
by which I may remember it daily forever.”

39. Covenant Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI Then she went up to the big flies
which Anu had made, and declared before the gods,
“His grief is mine! My destiny goes with his!
He must deliver me from evil and appease me!
[ ]
Let these flies be the lapis lazuli of my necklace
by which I may remember it daily forever.”
As soon as the Mistress of he Gods arrived
she raised the great flies which Anu had made to please her:
“Behold, O gods, I shall never forget my lapis lazuli necklace,
I shall remember these times, and I shall never forget.

41. Covenant Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI Genesis 9:13-16
Then she went up to the big flies
which Anu had made, and declared before the gods,
“His grief is mine! My destiny goes with his!
He must deliver me from evil and appease me!
[ ]
Let these flies be the lapis lazuli of my necklace
by which I may remember it daily forever.”
As soon as the Mistress of he Gods arrived
she raised the great flies which Anu had made to please her:
“Behold, O gods, I shall never forget my lapis lazuli necklace,
I shall remember these times, and I shall never forget.
13 “I set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and the earth. 
14 When I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is seen in the clouds, 
15 I will remember my covenant which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh. 
16 When the bow is in the clouds, I will look upon it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth."

43. Reform Atrahasis III In addition let there be one-third of the people,
Among the people the woman who gives birth
yet does
Not give birth [successfully];
Let the pasittu-demon be among the people,
To snatch the baby from its mother's lap.
Establish ugbabtu, entu, egisitu-women:
They shall be taboo, and thus control childbirth.

44. Reform Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI
In addition let there be one-third of the people,
Among the people the woman who gives birth
yet does
Not give birth [successfully];
Let the pasittu-demon be among the people,
To snatch the baby from its mother's lap.
Establish ugbabtu, entu, egisitu-women:
They shall be taboo, and thus control childbirth.
Instead of imposing a flood, let a lion come
and diminish the people.
Instead of imposing a flood, let a wolf come
   and diminish the people.
Instead of imposing a flood, impose famine
   and lessen the land.
Instead of imposing a flood, let Erra rise up
   and savage the people.

45. Reform Atrahasis III Gilgamesh XI Genesis 6:3
In addition let there be one-third of the people,
Among the people the woman who gives birth
yet does
Not give birth [successfully];
Let the pasittu-demon be among the people,
To snatch the baby from its mother's lap.
Establish ugbabtu, entu, egisitu-women:
They shall be taboo, and thus control childbirth.
Instead of imposing a flood, let a lion come
and diminish the people.
Instead of imposing a flood, let a wolf come
   and diminish the people.
Instead of imposing a flood, impose famine
   and lessen the land.
Instead of imposing a flood, let Erra rise up
   and savage the people.
Then the Lord said, "My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for he is flesh, but his days shall be a hundred and twenty years."

46. TEXT
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
Atrahasis
overpopulation; noise
infertility; infant mortality
Gilgamesh
unstated
predation; famine; pestilence
Genesis
human wickedness
120-limit on lifespan

47. COSMOGONY QUIZ!

48. Cosmogonic Types
TYPE
MYTH
Genesis

49. Cosmogonic Types
TYPE
NATURE
MYTH
created world
Genesis

50. Cosmogonic Types
TYPE
NATURE
DEITY
MYTH
created world
inert
Genesis

51. Cosmogonic Types TYPE NATURE DEITY MYTH created world inert
transcendent
Genesis

52. Cosmogonic Types
TYPE
MYTH
Enuma Elish

53. Cosmogonic Types
TYPE
DEITY
MYTH
evolved world
Enuma Elish

54. Cosmogonic Types TYPE NATURE DEITY MYTH evolved world immanent
Enuma Elish

55. Cosmogonic Types TYPE NATURE DEITY MYTH evolved world dynamic immanent
Enuma Elish

56. Cosmogonic Types TYPE NATURE DEITY MYTH created world inert matter
transcendent
Genesis
evolved world
dynamic matter
immanent
Enuma Elish

57. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

58. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Egg Lump of matter
Watery abyss
Cosmic soup
Mist/Cloud/Smoke
Male and Female joined in intercourse

59. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
First Binary Oppositions:
Heaven/Earth
Male/Female
Up/Down
Light/Dark
…….

60. Genesis 1-2:4a (Israel, ca. 1000 BCE)
Original state = watery chaos God creates in six acts, each corresponding to one day: (1) Light / Dark : Day / Night (2) Waters Above / Waters Below (3) Earth / Sea. Seed-bearing Plants / Fruit-Bearing Trees. (4) Sun / Moon / Stars (5) Fishes / Birds (6) Animals : Domestic / Wild Humans : Male / Female

61. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation 4. 5. 6. 7.8.

62. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation
4. Destabilization 5. 6. 7. 8.
Noise
Motion
Disorder
Pollution (physical)
Pollution (moral)

63. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation
4. Destabilization
5. Plot 6. 7. 8.
Water > Flood
Emergence > Submergence
Smoke/Mist > Fire

64. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation
4. Destabilization
5. Plot
6. Confrontation 7. 8.
Combat Myth

65. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male ()
female ()

66. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)

67. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent

68. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph

69. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph

70. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
water

71. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water

72. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons:

73. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature

74. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods

75. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods
alliance of monsters

76. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods
alliance of monsters
raw matter

77. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods
alliance of monsters
form/structure/organization
raw matter

78. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods
alliance of monsters
form/structure/organization
raw matter
civilization

79. 6. Confrontation : Combat Myth
VICTOR
ENEMY
male (Marduk)
female (Tiamat)
youngest offspring
oldest parent
anthropomorph
theriomorph
wind/storm
water
weapons: culture
weapons: nature
restraint
derangement
alliance of gods
alliance of monsters
form/structure/organization
raw matter
civilization
nature

80. Mythic Inversion

81. Mythic Inversion
to describe the Other or the Enemy as the opposite of ourselves, and as having values that are the opposite of our own

82. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation
4. Destabilization
5. Plot
6. Confrontation 7. 8.
Combat Myth

83. Cosmogonic Pattern 1. Unity 2. Separation 3. Proliferation
4. Destabilization
5. Plot
6. Confrontation
7. Resolution
8. Stability
Construction of new world from body of parent
“Sacred engineering”
Rules/limits to prevent future Destabilization

84. World as Ancestral Corpse
upper body
sky
lower body
earth
head
springs of water
Euphrates and Tigris
eyes
udder
mountains
tail
firmament
thigh
support pole

85. Body~World
ACTIVITY
DIRECTION
RESULT
sacrifice
medicine

86. Body~World ACTIVITY DIRECTION RESULT sacrifice
body (part-by-part) > world
world restored to wholeness
medicine

87. Body~World ACTIVITY DIRECTION RESULT sacrifice
body (part-by-part) > world
world restored to wholeness
medicine
parts of world > body
body restored to wholeness