1. INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE RESPONSES TO VOLCANIC AND EARHQUAKE HAZARDS

2. Mitigation: Reducing the risk
There are three general approaches to coping with hazards.
Removing the Threat
(Modify the threat )
Obviously, there is no way to stop an eruption. We can, however, attempt to reduce the effects by reinforcing structures .

3. Mitigation: Reducing the risk
2. Planning for the Future
(Modify the vulnerability)
Protecting future development from volcanic hazards is a simpler task. Before building, we should evaluate the risk. If it seems too great, a safer location should be found. The aim is to lessen the impacts of the earthquakes by prediction and warning , community preparedness and landuse planning.

4. Mitigation: Reducing the risk
3. Disaster Preparedness
(Modify the loss)
When a volcano comes to life, a few weeks may not be enough time to avert a tragedy. Planning is the key to saving lives. Well before the warning signs occur, people must be educated about volcanic hazards. Evacuation plans must be in place. Communication between scientists, officials, the media, and the general public should be outlined and practiced. Emergency measures must be thought out and agreed upon.

5. MITIGATION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES
Individual Responses
Home owners in earthquake prone areas should keep emergency supplies, bolt bookshelves to walls, install locking latches on cabinets, know how to shut off gas and electricity and know where to go to find family members. Schools and offices should have earthquake preparedness drills.
If earthquakes strike , stay away from buildings if you can . If you are inside stand near a wall or in a doorway near the center of the building or crouch under a heavy table.

6. MITIGATION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES
Government & Collective Responses
Earthquake Engineering – the design of buildings that can withstand shaking. Buildings should be flexible so that ground motions cannot crack. Bridge support should also be strengthened by wrapping steel cables around the columns.
Earthquake Zoning – the determination of where land is stable and where it might collapse, can help save lives and property. Developers should avoid construction of land underlain by weak, wet mud that could liquefy or vibrate at dangerous frequencies. Cities in seismic zones need to draw up emergency plans to deal with disaster.
Education & Communication – awareness campaigns should be run to educate the public how to deal with disasters.

7. MITIGATION AGAINST VOLCANOES
Individual Responses
The strengthening roofs to support the weight of tephra deposits or by building protective works (such as walls to deflect lava flows away from developed areas). Evacuation to shelters

8. MITIGATION AGAINST VOLCANOES
Community & Government Responses
Danger Assessment Maps – We cannot predict the eruption so the most effective precaution is to define the regions that can be directly affected by the eruption to compile a volcanic danger assessment map. These maps delineate areas that lie in the path of lava flows, lahars, debris flow and pyroclastic flows.
Diverting Flows – In traditional cultures people have used direct force to change the direction of flow or events . More recently people have used explosives to blast breaches in the flanks of lows and have been built dams and channel to divert flows.
Education – awareness campaigns