1. English Morphology and Lexicology

2. Chapter 3 Word Formation 1 3.1 Morphemes 3.2 Allomorphs
3.3 Types of Morphemes
3.4 Root and Stem

3. 3.1 Morphemes the smallest unit of linguistic meaning.
A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes.
Example
de+nature+al+ize+ation
un+system+atic+al+ly
(the words denaturalization and unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes)

4. 3.1 Morphemes Morpheme vs. Syllable boy (1 morpheme, 1 syllable)
desire, lady, water (1 morpheme, 2 syllables)
crocodile (1 morpheme, 3 syllables)
salamander (1 morpheme, 4 syllables)

5. 3.1 Morphemes Two morphemes Three morphemes boy + ish desire + able
boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity

6. 3.1 Morphemes Four morphemes More than four morphemes
gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
More than four morphemes
un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

7. 3.2 Allomorphs Morphemes vs. Morphs
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.
Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
Monomorphemic words: bird, tree, green, sad, want…

8. 3.2 Allomorphs
Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word; such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.
{-s plurality}=
/s/
/z/
/iz/
Replacive allomorphs
Zero allomorphs

9. 3.2 Allomorphs {-d past}= /-id/ /-t/ /-d/ Relacive allomorphs
Suppletive allomorphs
Zero allomorphs

10. 3.2 Allomorphs {NEGATION}= in- im- ir- il-
insane; inactive; incomplete
in-
improper; imbalance; immovable
im-
irregular; irreconcilable; irrevocable
ir-
il-
illegal; illegible

11. 3.2 Allomorphs
Explain why a/an are allomorphs of one morpheme.

12. 3.2 Allomorphs Explain why a/an are allomorphs of one morpheme.
{Article Singular}=
a book/tree/cup…
a university…
an apple/orange…

13. 3.3 Types of Morphemes
man; earth

14. 3.3 Types of Morphemes approach; go to -ced- ante- -ent
antecedent: something that goes before

15. 3.3 Types of Morphemes say; speak -dict- contra- -ion -tor
contradict: speak against…

16. 3.3 Types of Morphemes say; speak -dict- pre- -ion -or
predict: tell beforehand…

17. 3.3 Types of Morphemes
-er
-est -s
-’s
-s’
-ed
-ing

18. 3.4 Root and Stem
In this textbook, we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than a root.

19. Practice: root and stem
individualistic
individualist
individual
dividual
dividu
word
stem
stem
stem
root; stem

20. Practice: root and stem
undesirables
undesirable
desirable
desire
word
stem
stem
root; stem

21. THANK YOU