1. EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE, THE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM & COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS
Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and,
b) Apply equations of equilibrium to solve a 2-D problem.
In-Class Activities:
Reading Quiz
Applications
What, Why and How of a FBD
Equations of Equilibrium
Analysis of Spring and Pulleys
Concept Quiz
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

2. READING QUIZ
1) When a particle is in equilibrium, the sum of forces acting on it equals ___ . (Choose the most appropriate answer)
A) A constant B) A positive number C) Zero
D) A negative number E) An integer
2) For a frictionless pulley and cable, tensions in the cable (T1 and T2) are related as _____ .
A) T1 > T2
B) T1 = T2
C) T1 < T2
D) T1 = T2 sin  T1 T2
Answers:
1. C
2. B
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

3. APPLICATIONS
The crane is lifting a load. To decide if the straps holding the load to the crane hook will fail, you need to know the force in the straps. How could you find the forces?
Straps

4. APPLICATIONS (continued)
For a spool of given weight, how would you find the forces in cables AB and AC ? If designing a spreader bar like this one, you need to know the forces to make sure the rigging doesn’t fail.

5. APPLICATIONS (continued)
For a given force exerted on the boat’s towing pendant, what are the forces in the bridle cables? What size of cable must you use?

6. COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS (Section 3.3)
This is an example of a 2-D or coplanar force system.
If the whole assembly is in equilibrium, then particle A is also in equilibrium.
To determine the tensions in the cables for a given weight of the cylinder, you need to learn how to draw a free body diagram and apply equations of equilibrium.
Explain the following terms :
Coplanar force system – The forces lie on a sheet of paper (plane).
A particle – It has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
Equilibrium – A condition of rest or constant velocity.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

7. THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for you to know how to draw and use.
What ? - It is a drawing that shows all external forces acting on the particle.
Why ? - It is key to being able to write the equations of equilibrium—which are used to solve for the unknowns (usually forces or angles).

8. 2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.
Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings.
2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.
FBD at A A y x
Active forces: They want to move the particle. Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion.
3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions. Show all unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables .
FC = N (What is this?) FB FD
30˚
Mainly explain the three steps using the example . A
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

9. EQUATIONS OF 2-D EQUILIBRIUM
FBD at A A FB FD
FC = N y x
30˚
Since particle A is in equilibrium, the net force at A is zero.
So FB + FC + FD = 0
or  F = 0 A
FBD at A
In general, for a particle in equilibrium,
 F = 0 or
 Fx i +  Fy j = = 0 i j (a vector equation)
Or, written in a scalar form,
Fx = 0 and  Fy = 0
These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (E-of-E). They can be used to solve for up to two unknowns.

10. Write the scalar E-of-E:
EXAMPLE
FBD at A A FB FD
FC = N y x
30˚
Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg
Write the scalar E-of-E:
+   Fx = FB cos 30º – FD = 0
+   Fy = FB sin 30º – N = 0
You may tell students that they should know how to solve linear simultaneous equations by hand and also using calculator . If they need help they can see you .
Solving the second equation gives: FB = 785 N →
From the first equation, we get: FD = 680 N ←
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

11. SPRINGS, CABLES, AND PULLEYST1 T2
Spring Force = spring constant * deformation, or
F = k * s
With a frictionless pulley, T1 = T2.

12. Given: Cylinder E weighs 30 lb and the geometry is as shown.
EXAMPLE
Given: Cylinder E weighs 30 lb and the geometry is as shown.
Find: Forces in the cables and weight of cylinder F.
Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for Point C.
2. Apply E-of-E at Point C to solve for the unknowns (FCB & FCD).
3. Knowing FCB , repeat this process at point B.
You may ask the students to give a plan for solving.
You may explain why they would analyze at E, first, and C, later
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

13. +   Fx = FBC cos 15º – FCD cos 30º = 0
EXAMPLE (continued)
FCD
FBC
30 lb y x
30
15
A FBD at C should look like the one at the left. Note the assumed directions for the two cable tensions.
The scalar E-of-E are:
+   Fx = FBC cos 15º – FCD cos 30º = 0
+   Fy = FCD sin 30º – FBC sin 15º – 30 = 0
You may ask students to give equations of equilibrium.students hand-outs should be without the equations.
Solving these two simultaneous equations for the two unknowns FBC and FCD yields:
FBC = lb
FCD = lb
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

14.    Fy = FBA sin 45 + 100.4 sin 15 – WF = 0
EXAMPLE (continued)
FBC =100.4 lb
FBA WF y x
15
45
Now move on to ring B A FBD for B should look like the one to the left.
The scalar E-of-E are:
   Fx = FBA cos 45 – cos 15 = 0
   Fy = FBA sin 45 sin 15 – WF = 0
You may ask the students to give equations of equilibrium.Students hand-outs should be without the equation. You may also explain about the direction of 38.6 lb force (see fig. 3.7 d, page 88)
Solving the first equation and then the second yields
FBA = 137 lb and WF = 123 lb
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

15. A) The weight is too heavy. B) The cables are too thin.
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
1000 lb
1000 lb
1000 lb
( A ) ( B ) ( C )
1) Assuming you know the geometry of the ropes, you cannot determine the forces in the cables in which system above?
A) The weight is too heavy.
B) The cables are too thin.
C) There are more unknowns than equations.
D) There are too few cables for a 1000 lb weight.
2) Why?
Answers:
1. C
2. C
You may ask the students to record their answers, first, without group discussion and later after the group discussion with their neighbors. Again, like after reading quiz, they should verbally indicate the answers. You can comment on the answers, emphasizing statically indeterminate condition.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

16. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: The box weighs 550 lb and geometry is as shown.
Find: The forces in the ropes AB and AC.
Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for point A.
2. Apply the E-of-E to solve for the forces in ropes AB and AC.

17. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
FBD at point A FC FB A
FD = 550 lb y x
30˚ 3 4 5
Applying the scalar E-of-E at A, we get;
+   F x = FB cos 30° – FC (4/5) = 0
+   F y = FB sin 30° + FC (3/5) lb = 0
Solving the above equations, we get;
FB = 478 lb and FC = 518 lb

18. 1. Select the correct FBD of particle A.
ATTENTION QUIZ A
30
40
100 lb
1. Select the correct FBD of particle A. A) B)
40°
F F2 C)
30° F F1 F2 D)
Answers:
1. D
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

19. ATTENTION QUIZ F2
20 lb F1 C
50°
2. Using this FBD of Point C, the sum of forces in the x-direction ( FX) is ___ . Use a sign convention of +  .
A) F2 sin 50° – 20 = 0
B) F2 cos 50° – 20 = 0
C) F2 sin 50° – F1 = 0
D) F2 cos 50° = 0
Answers:
2. B
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Sections

20. End of the Lecture
Let Learning Continue

21. THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS
Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to solve 3-D particle equilibrium problems by
a) Drawing a 3-D free body diagram, and,
b) Applying the three scalar equations (based on one vector equation) of equilibrium.
In-class Activities:
Check Homework
Reading Quiz
Applications
Equations of Equilibrium
Concept Questions
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

22. A) ( Fx) i + ( Fy) j + ( Fz) k = 0 B)  F = 0
READING QUIZ
1. Particle P is in equilibrium with five (5) forces acting on it in 3-D space. How many scalar equations of equilibrium can be written for point P?
A) 2 B) C) 4
D) E) 6
2. In 3-D, when a particle is in equilibrium, which of the following equations apply?
A) ( Fx) i + ( Fy) j + ( Fz) k = 0
B)  F = 0
C)  Fx =  Fy =  Fz = 0
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Answers:
1. B
2. D
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

23. APPLICATIONS
You know the weights of the electromagnet and its load. But, you need to know the forces in the chains to see if it is a safe assembly. How would you do this?
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

24. APPLICATIONS (continued)
This shear leg derrick is to be designed to lift a maximum of 200 kg of fish.
How would you find the effect of different offset distances on the forces in the cable and derrick legs?
Offset distance
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

25. THE EQUATIONS OF 3-D EQUILIBRIUM
When a particle is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all the forces acting on it must be zero ( F = 0 ) .
This equation can be written in terms of its x, y and z components. This form is written as follows.
( Fx) i + ( Fy) j + ( Fz) k = 0
This vector equation will be satisfied only when
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
These equations are the three scalar equations of equilibrium. They are valid for any point in equilibrium and allow you to solve for up to three unknowns.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

26. Given: The four forces and geometry shown.
EXAMPLE #1
Given: The four forces and geometry shown.
Find: The force F5 required to keep particle O in equilibrium.
Plan:
1) Draw a FBD of particle O.
2) Write the unknown force as
F5 = {Fx i + Fy j + Fz k} N
3) Write F1, F2 , F3 , F4 and F5 in Cartesian vector form.
4) Apply the three equilibrium equations to solve for the three
unknowns Fx, Fy, and Fz.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

27. EXAMPLE #1 (continued) F1 = {300(4/5) j + 300 (3/5) k} N
F2 = {– 600 i} N
F3 = {– 900 k} N
F4 = F4 (rB/ rB)
= N [(3i – 4 j + 6 k)/( )½]
= {76.8 i – j k} N
F5 = { Fx i – Fy j + Fz k} N
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

28. Equating the respective i, j, k components to zero, we have
EXAMPLE #1 (continued)
Equating the respective i, j, k components to zero, we have
Fx = – Fx = 0 ; solving gives Fx = N
Fy = – Fy = 0 ; solving gives Fy = – N
Fz = 180 – Fz = 0 ; solving gives Fz = N
Thus, F5 = {523 i – 138 j k} N
Using this force vector, you can determine the force’s magnitude and coordinate direction angles as needed.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

29. Find: The tension in cords AB, AC and AD.
EXAMPLE #2
Given: A 600 N load is supported by three cords with the geometry as shown.
Find: The tension in cords AB, AC and AD.
Plan:
1) Draw a free body diagram of Point A. Let the unknown force magnitudes be FB, FC, FD .
2) Represent each force in the Cartesian vector form.
3) Apply equilibrium equations to solve for the three unknowns.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

30. EXAMPLE #2 (continued) FB = FB (sin 30 i + cos 30 j) N
FBD at A FC FD A
600 N z y
30˚ FB x
1 m
2 m
FB = FB (sin 30 i + cos 30 j) N
= {0.5 FB i FB j} N
FC = – FC i N
FD = FD (rAD /rAD)
= FD { (1 i – 2 j k) / ( )½ } N
= { FD i – FD j FD k } N
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

31. Now equate the respective i , j , k components to zero.
EXAMPLE #2 (continued) y
Now equate the respective i , j , k components to zero.
 Fx = 0.5 FB – FC FD = 0
 Fy = FB – FD = 0
 Fz = FD – 600 = 0
FBD at A FC FD A
600 N z
30˚ FB x
1 m
2 m
Solving the three simultaneous equations yields
FC = 646 N
FD = 900 N
FB = 693 N
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

32. A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. In 3-D, when you know the direction of a force but not its magnitude, how many unknowns corresponding to that force remain?
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
2. If a particle has 3-D forces acting on it and is in static equilibrium, the components of the resultant force ( Fx,  Fy, and  Fz ) ___ .
A) have to sum to zero, e.g., -5 i + 3 j k
B) have to equal zero, e.g., 0 i + 0 j k
C) have to be positive, e.g., 5 i + 5 j k
D) have to be negative, e.g., -5 i - 5 j k
Answers:
1. A
2. B
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

33. Find: Magnitude of the tension in each of the cables.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: A 3500 lb motor and plate, as shown, are in equilibrium and supported by three cables and d = 4 ft.
Find: Magnitude of the tension in each of the cables.
Plan:
1) Draw a free body diagram of Point A. Let the unknown force magnitudes be FB, FC, F D .
2) Represent each force in the Cartesian vector form.
3) Apply equilibrium equations to solve for the three unknowns.
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

34. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
FBD of Point A y z x W FB FC FD
W = load or weight of unit = 3500 k lb FB = FB(rAB/rAB) = FB {(4 i – 3 j – 10 k) / (11.2)} lb
FC = FC (rAC/rAC) = FC { (3 j – 10 k) / (10.4 ) }lb
FD = FD( rAD/rAD) = FD { (– 4 i + 1 j –10 k) / (10.8) }lb
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

35. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
The particle A is in equilibrium, hence
FB + FC + FD + W = 0
Now equate the respective i, j, k components to zero (i.e., apply the three scalar equations of equilibrium).
 Fx = (4/ 11.2)FB – (4/ 10.8)FD = 0
 Fy = (– 3/ 11.2)FB + (3/ 10.4)FC + (1/ 10.8)FD = 0
 Fz = (– 10/ 11.2)FB – (10/ 10.4)FC – (10/ 10.8)FD = 0
Solving the three simultaneous equations gives
FB = 1467 lb
FC = 914 lb
FD = lb
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

36. A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four Answer 1. D 2. C
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Four forces act at point A and point A is in equilibrium. Select the correct force vector P.
A) {-20 i j – 10 k}lb
B) {-10 i – 20 j – 10 k} lb
C) {+ 20 i – 10 j – 10 k}lb
D) None of the above. z
F3 = 10 lb P
F1 = 20 lb x A
F2 = 10 lb y
2. In 3-D, when you don’t know the direction or the magnitude of a force, how many unknowns do you have corresponding to that force?
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
Answer
1. D
2. C
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4

37. End of the Lecture Let Learning Continue
Statics:The Next Generation (2nd Ed.) Mehta, Danielson, & Berg Lecture Notes for Section 3.4