1. DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
All life events are formative. All contribute to what we become, year by year, as we go on growing. As my friend, the poet Kenneth Koch once said,
‘You aren’t just the age you are. You are all the ages you have ever been.’
– Fred Rogers
Day 3: Attachment, Psychosocial Dev., and Morality

2. Constructed a stage theory of Moral Development
key name
Lawrence KOHLBERG
Constructed a stage theory of Moral Development
Posed moral dilemmas & asked children, adolescents, & adults if right or wrong
"Kohlberg contracted a tropical disease in 1971 while doing cross-cultural work in Belize. As a result, he struggled with depression and physical pain for the following 16 years. On January 19, 1987, he requested a day of leave from the Massachusetts hospital where he was being treated, drove to the coast, and was later found to have drowned in the Boston Harbor. He was 59 years old.“ - Wikipedia

3. Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional Morality: before age 9; obey to avoid punishment or gain rewards
What’s in it for me?
Conventional Morality: Early adolescence; care for others & uphold laws and rules because they are there.
Gaining others’ approval
Postconventional Morality: develop ethical principles (“I don’t care if it’s the law; it’s not right)
Having own opinions

4. Marshmallow Test

5. The Strange Situation Experiment
key name
Mary AINSWORTH
Conducted the “Strange Situation Test” of Attachment (1960s).
Results showed that securely attached children:
will explore freely while the mother is present
will engage with strangers
will be visibly upset when the mother departs
will be happy to see the mother return
will not engage with stranger if mother is not in room
The Strange Situation Experiment

6. Harlow's experiment - part 2
key name
Harry HARLOW
Conducted a study of attachment in monkeys. ( ).
Monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate "mother" over that of a wire one – attachment is about more than just supplying food .
Harlow's experiment
Harlow's experiment - part 2
Worked with Maslow at U Wisconsin

7. Baby Monkeys Raised In Isolation
Overly aggressive or;
Overly fearful
Incapable of mating when older

8. Harlow Stated…
No monkey has died during isolation. When initially removed from total social isolation, however, they usually go into a state of emotional shock, characterized by ... autistic self-clutching and rocking. One of six monkeys isolated for 3 months refused to eat after release and died 5 days later. The autopsy report attributed death to emotional anorexia. ... The effects of 6 months of total social isolation were so devastating and debilitating that we had assumed initially that 12 months of isolation would not produce any additional decrement. This assumption proved to be false; 12 months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially ...

9. Morality Play
You pass someone in the street who is in severe need and you are able to help them at little cost to yourself. Are you morally obliged to do so?
Strongly Obliged
Weakly Obliged
Not Obliged

10. Morality Play Strongly Obliged Weakly Obliged Not Obliged
You have a brother. You know that someone has been seriously injured as a result of criminal activity undertaken by him. You live in a country where the police and legal system are generally trustworthy. Are you morally obliged to inform them about your brother's crime?
Strongly Obliged
Weakly Obliged
Not Obliged

11. Morality Play
Do you think that assisting the suicide of someone who wants to die - and has requested help - is morally equivalent to allowing them to die by withholding medical assistance (assuming that the level of suffering turns out to be identical in both cases)?
Yes No

12. Morality Play
You are able to help some people, but unfortunately you can only do so by harming other people. The number of people harmed will always be 10 percent of those helped. When considering whether it is morally justified to help does the actual number of people involved make any difference? For example, does it make a difference if you are helping ten people by harming one person rather than helping 100,000 people by harming 10,000 people?
Yes No

13. Morality Play Strongly Obliged Weakly Obliged Not Obliged
You own an unoccupied property. You are contacted by a refugee group which desperately needs somewhere to house a person seeking asylum who is being unjustly persecuted in a foreign country. Your anonymity is assured. You have every reason to believe that no harm will come to your property. Are you morally obliged to allow them to use your property?
Strongly Obliged
Weakly Obliged
Not Obliged

14. Morality Play
Someone you have never met needs a kidney transplant. You are one of the few people who can provide the kidney. Would any moral obligation to provide the kidney be greater if this person were a cousin rather than a non-relative?
Yes No

15. Morality Play
You can save the lives of a thousand patients by cancelling one hundred operations that would have saved the lives of a hundred different patients. Are you morally obliged to do so?
Yes No

16. Morality Play
Are your moral obligations to people in your own country or community stronger than those to people in other countries and communities (assuming no unusual circumstances - for example, suffering because of famine - in either your own country/community or other countries/communities)?
Yes No

17. Morality Play
You deliberately sabotage a piece of machinery in your work place so that when someone next uses it there will be an accident which will result in that person losing the use of their legs. Are you morally responsible for their injury?
Responsible
Partly Responsible
Not Responsible

18. Morality Play
You know the identity of someone who has committed a serious crime resulting in a person being badly injured. Are you morally obliged to reveal their identity to an appropriate authority so that they are dealt with justly?
Strongly Obliged
Weakly Obliged
Not Obliged

19. Morality Play
You can save the lives of ten innocent people by killing one other innocent person. Are you morally obliged to do so?
Yes No

20. Morality Play
A situation arises where you can either save your own child from death or contact the emergency services in order to save the lives of ten other children. You cannot do both, and there is no way to save everybody. Which course of action are you morally obliged to follow?
Save Your Own Child
Save Ten Other Children

22. Constructed a stage theory of Psychosocial Development
key name
Erik ERIKSON
Constructed a stage theory of Psychosocial Development

23. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

24. STAGE 1:
Trust vs. Mistrust
(Birth - 18 months)
THE MAJOR EVENT IS FEEDING The infant will develop a sense of trust only if the parent or caregiver is responsive and consistent with the basic needs being met. The need for care and food must be met with comforting regularity. The infant must first form a trusting relationship with the parent or caregiver; otherwise a sense of mistrust will develop.

25. STAGE 2:
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(18 months – 3 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT IS TOILET TRAINING (AND FEEDING AND DRESSING THEMSELVES) Toilet training as well as feeding and dressing themselves is how the toddler strives for autonomy. It is essential for parents not to be overprotective at this stage. A parent's level of protectiveness will influence the child's ability to achieve autonomy. If a parent is not reinforcing, the child will feel shameful and will learn to doubt his or her abilities.

26. STAGE 3:
Initiative vs. Guilt
(3 – 6 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS INDEPENDENCE. The child continues to be assertive and to take the initiative. Children in this stage are eager for responsibility. It is essential for adults to confirm that the child's initiative is accepted no matter how small it may be. If the child is not given a chance to be responsible and do things on their own, a sense of guilt may develop. The child will come to believe that what they want to do is always wrong.

27. STAGE 4:
Competence (Industry) vs. Inferiority
(6- 12 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL As a student, the children have a need to be productive and do work on their own. They are both physically and mentally ready for it. Interaction with peers at school also plays an imperative role of child development in this stage. The child for the first time has a wide variety of events to deal with, including academics, group activities, and friends. Difficulty with any of these leads to a sense of inferiority.

28. STAGE 5:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(12 – 18 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ESTABLISHING PEER RELATIONSHIPS At this stage, adolescents are in search of an identity that will lead them to adulthood. Adolescents make a strong effort to answer the question "Who am I?" Erikson notes the healthy resolution of earlier conflicts can now serve as a foundation for the search for an identity. If the child overcomes earlier conflicts they are prepared to search for identity.

29. STAGE 6:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
(19 – 40 years)
In this stage, the most important events are love relationships. Intimacy refers to one's ability to relate to another human being on a deep, personal level. An individual who has not developed a sense of identity usually will fear a committed relationship and may retreat into isolation.

30. STAGE 7:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(40 – 65 years)
In this stage, the most important EVENT IS PARENTING. In this stage generativity refers to the adult's ability to care for another person. Generativity has a broader meaning than just having children. Each adult must have some way to satisfy and support the next generation.

31. STAGE 8:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
(65 years - death)
IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IS ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFE. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself and coming to terms with the death. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undo the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. The inability to do this results in a feeling of despair.

32. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Failure to resolve a developmental challenge results in conflict throughout adulthood.

33. Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS
key name
Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS
Identified the 5 Stages of Grief:
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance