1. Female & Male Reproductive Systems

2. Puberty
Females: - pituitary gland secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
and LH (luteinizing hormone) which target the ovaries
- LH & FSH stimulate the maturation of ovaries and female sex
hormones (estrogen)
- Estrogen stimulates changes in Primary and Secondary
sexual characteristics (see textbook)
Males: pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH which target the testicles
- LH & FSH stimulate the production of spermatozoa and male sex
hormones (testosterone)
- Testosterone stimulates changes in Primary and Secondary
sexual characteristics(see textbook)

3. Oogenesis Oogensis process of ovum production by meiosis
cells could become ova at puberty
Oocyte surrounded by ovarian follicle
Ovarian follicle starts to mature
Oocyte undergoes meiosis I produces 2 haploid cells(1 dies)
2. Middle of cycle: ovarian follicle bursts releasing oocyte
into fallopian tube(ovulation)
3. Oocyte undergoes meiosis II, 2 haploid cells (1 dies)
4. If ovum not fertilized, then expelled during menstruation
If fertilized, then zygote forms, implants in uterus, develop embryo

4. Ovarian cycle
Process whereby a single ovarian follicle matures and changes into a corpus luteum.
Days 1-12
1. Pituitary gland- releases more FSH, stimulates growth of ovarian follicle
2. Ovarian follicle develops, secretes more estrogen
Day 13-14
3. Estrogens stimulate pituitary gland to increase LH, FSH (surge!)(day 13)
4. Ovulation occurs!(day 14)
5. Ovarian follicle becomes Corpus Luteum that secretes progesterone
6. Progesterone inhibits production of LH,FSH (thickening endometrium)
7. Not fertilized, corpus luteum disintegrates, less progesterone, menstruation
8. If fertilized corpus luteum makes progesterone, until placenta takes over

6. Menstrual cycle
Represents all periodic changes in the uterine endometrium
1. Menstrual phase(days 1-5) – progesterone decreases, bleeding occurs as
as endometrium and unfertilized ovum expelled
2. Proliferation phase(days 6-14)- New ovarian follicle produces estrogen,
- Endometrium begins to thicken
3. Secretory Phase (days 15-28)- Corpus luteum increases
progesterone production,
- Endometrium continues to thicken

8. Fertile Period
Fertile period about 4 days- Ovum lives hours, sperm lives 24 hour
- about 3 days before, 1 after
Menopause- women over 40 years, haven’t menstruated for 1 year.
- ovarian and menstrual cycles come to end
- hot flashes, mood swings, bone loss
(may treat with hormone supplements)

9. Male Reproduction
Spermatogenesis: - the process of sperm production by meiosis
- spermatogonium (seminiferous tubules) undergo Meiosis I
- then undergo Meiosis II to produce 4 haploid sperm
- 120 million sperm/day

11. Erection
Erection:- the increase in volume and rigidity of the penis as a result of
sexual arousal
- corpora cavernosa, spongiosa fill with blood,
- swelling of tissues, erection of penis

13. Ejaculation The expulsion of semen by the penis See assignment
Semen accumulates at bulge of urethra near prostate
Causes pressure
Contractions of penis & muscles around urethra cause semen to project out
Releases: 3.5 mL semen, 350 million sperm
(see table 5.36, page 150 for semen components)

15. Andropause
Men get older, hormone levels go down, sperm production decreases
Physical and psychological changes, doesn’t affect fertility