1. Community Organizing & Health Promotion Programming
Lecture 6

2. Previously… Importance of public health Organizations in public health
Epidemiology & health research
Types of disease
Communicable disease characteristics
Non-communicable disease characteristics

3. Overview
Define: community, community health, community organizing, community capacity, empowerment, grassroots participation, macro practice.
Know the difference between health promotion & health education
Know the five steps in the Generalized Model for health promotion programming
Know five intervention considerations.
Understand what is meant by: implementation, pilot test, and phasing-in.
Know two types of evaluation.

4. Community Organization
Community organizing = process through which communities are helped to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they have collectively set
Not a science, but an art of consensus building
Community organizing  health promotion
no use trying something that nobody will follow

5. Community Organization
Keywords:
(WHY)
Community capacity: community characteristics affecting its ability to identify, mobilize, and address problems
Empowerment: social action process for people to gain mastery over their lives and the lives of their communities
Macro practice: methods of professional change that deal with issues beyond the individual, family, and small group level
(HOW)
Grassroots participation: bottom-up efforts of people taking collective actions on their own behalf, and they involve the use of a sophisticated blend of confrontation and cooperation in order to achieve their ends

6. Community Organization
Steps in community organizing and building
Recognizing the issue
Gaining entry into the community
Organizing the people
Assessing the community
Determining the priorities and setting goals
Arriving at solution & selecting intervention strategies
Implementing the plan
Evaluating the outcomes of the plan of action
Maintaining the outcomes in the community
Looping back

7. Community Organization
Assumptions of community organizing activities
Communities can develop the capacity to deal with their own problems.
People want to change and can change.
People should participate in making changes.
Self-imposed and self-developed change is more lasting.
"Holistic" is preferred over "fragmented" approach.
Democracy requires cooperative participation.
Communities need help with problems just like individuals do.

8. Community Organization
Keep in mind…
Not all problems can be solved
Repeated attempts might be needed
If a problem exists, there might be people who benefit from its existence and who may work toward preventing successful solution to the problem

9. Health Promotion Programming
any planned action/process (usually combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms) that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
Usually includes health education

10. Health Promotion Programming
Health Education
any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills to make quality health decisions

11. Creating Health Promotion Program
Generalized Model

12. Steps in the Generalized Model
Assessing Needs of the priority population
Determining purpose and scope
Gathering data
Analyzing data
Identifying risk factors linked to health problem
Identifying program focus
Validating prioritized need

13. Steps in the Generalized Model
Setting Appropriate Goals and Objectives
Foundation of the program
Portions of the programming process are designed to achieve the goals by meeting the objectives
Goals
Objectives
Provide overall direction for the program
Are more general in nature
Do not have a specific deadline
Usually take longer to complete
Are often not measured in exact terms
More precise than goals (usually directly measurable)
Steps to achieve the program goals
The more complex a program, the more objectives needed
Composed of who, what, when, and how much

14. Steps in the Generalized Model
Create/Develop an Intervention
Intervention
Activity/program that the priority population will experience to meet overall goals/objective
Considerations: (1) multiplicity, (2) dose, (3) best practice, (4) best process, (5) best experience

15. Steps in the Generalized Model
Intervention Considerations
Multiplicity: number of activities that make up the intervention
Dose: number of program units as part of the intervention
Best practices: recommended method/strategies based on review of scientific evidence
Best processes: original methods/strategies that the planners create based on their experience/intuition
Best experience: methods/strategies used in prior or existing programs that have not gone through critical research and evaluation

16. Steps in the Generalized Model
Implementing the Intervention
Implementation
Putting a planned program into action
Pilot test
Trial run; implementation to a small group
Determine problems and fix before full implementation
Phasing in
Step-by-step implementation; implementation with small groups

17. Steps in the Generalized Model
Evaluating the Results
Evaluation determines value/worth of an object of interest
Types: Formative or summative

18. Health Promotion Programming
Keep in mind…
Health promotion typically follows after community organizing
Health promotion programming often intends to influence people’s behavior
Systematic method
Evidence-based practice

19. Take-Away Points
Community organizing is often called the art of consensus building
Steps in the Generalized Model for health promotion programming: needs assessment  set goals/objectives  develop interventions  implementation  evaluation
Intervention considerations: multiplicity, dose, best practice, best process, best experience
Pilot test or phasing-in sometimes necessary
Types of evaluation: formative & summative

20. Announcement Assignment #2 due this Saturday
Next class: discussion of health behavior