1. Unit 3, Lesson 3: Brave New World, Chapter 1
I can identify and explain the use of rhetorical devices.
I can identify and explain the use of fallacious reasoning.

2. Agenda Bell Ringer – Rhetorical Device Fallacy Notes Continued
Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning
Slippery Slope
Ignorance as Proof
Straw Man
Red Herring
Ad Hominem
Rhetorical Device – Irony
Brave New World – Before you Read
Review Diction/Tone/Mood
Analysis of Chapter 1
Identifying rhetorical devices and fallacy
Response to reading

3. FALLACY Notes Continued

4. Logical Fallacy Circular Reasoning/Begging the Question
Definition: A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared.  This fallacy is often quite humorous.  
Begging the question is a form of circular reasoning. This is any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises.
Logical Forms:
X is true because of Y. Y is true because of X.
Claim X assumes X is true. Therefore, claim X is true.
Example: “Paranormal activity is real because I have experienced what can only be described as paranormal activity.”
Tools: It relies on the ability to deceive someone based on the speaker’s confidence and the audience’s poor listening skills.

5. Example: Idiocracy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3boy_tLWeqA
What claim is being made?
___________________is true because of _________________________.
X Y
Y X

6. Logical Fallacy Slippery Slope
Definition: When a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only unwarranted, but with each step it becomes more and more improbable. 
Logical Form: If A, then B, then C, ... then ultimately Z!
Example 1: We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house.  If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood.  If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a sex slavery ring in some other country.  Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.
Tool: Preys upon human fear instincts and our vivid imaginations to picture the absolute worst happening in the future, especially to our children

7. Example - DIRECTV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIv3m2gMgUU
If __________________________, then__________________________, then _______________________, then __________________________.

8. Logical Fallacy Ignorance as Proof
Definition: The assumption of a conclusion or fact based primarily on lack of evidence to the contrary.  Usually best described by, “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”
Logical Form: X is true because you cannot prove that X is false.
X is false because you cannot prove that X is true.
Example: “Although we have proven that the moon is not made of spare ribs, we have not proven that its core cannot be filled with them; therefore, the moon’s core is filled with spare ribs.”
Tools: It relies on the audience’s desire to believe in the claim or trust the speaker.

9. Example
“Aliens must exist because no one has ever proven that they do not exist.”
How is this an example of ignorance as proof?

10. Logical Fallacy Red Herring
Description: Attempting to redirect the argument to another issue that to which the person doing the redirecting can better respond.
The red herring is a deliberate diversion of attention with the intention of trying to abandon the original argument.
Logical Form: Argument A is presented by person 1. Person 2 introduces argument B. Argument A is abandoned.
Example:
Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?
Ken: But what is morality exactly?
Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.
Ken: But who creates this code?...
Tools: It distracts the audience with a non-existing argument.

11. Example
How is the argument being redirected?

12. Logical Fallacy Straw Man
Definition: Substituting a person’s actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument.
Logical Form: Person 1 makes claim Y. Person 2 restates person 1’s claim (in a distorted way). Person 2 attacks the distorted version of the claim. Therefore, claim Y is false.
Example:
Ted: Biological evolution is both a theory and a fact.
Edwin: That is ridiculous!  How can you possibly be absolutely certain that we evolved from pond scum!
Ted: Actually that is a gross misrepresentation of my assertion.  I never claimed we evolved from pond scum.  Unlike math and logic, science is based on empirical evidence and, therefore, a scientific fact is something that is confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent.  The empirical evidence for the fact that biological evolution does occur falls into this category.
Tool: It distracts the audience with distorted argument, taking the focus away from the original argument.

13. Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT_VhDrn8NY
How is the argument begin distorted or misrepresented?

14. Logical Fallacy Ad Hominem
Definition: Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the person is completely irrelevant to the argument the person is making.
Logical Form: Person 1 is claiming Y. Person 1 is a moron. Therefore, Y is not true.
Example: “My opponent suggests that lowering taxes will be a good idea -- this is coming from a woman who eats a pint of Ben and Jerry’s each night!”
Tools: When you destroy the credibility of your opponents, you either destroy their ability to present reasonable appeals or distract from the successful arguments they may offer.

15. Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmBXMMeog08
What is the main focus of the ad? Is this relevant to the political issues at hand in the Kentucky race for Governor ?
Is it attacking Bevin’s position on political issues or him personally?

16. Rhetorical Device: Irony
Irony: The expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning.
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
“Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.” - The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, Coleridge
Irony is a comedic device meant to create humor and highlight or expose perversity or absurdity.

17. Brave New World Genre: Dystopian/Apocalyptic
Apocalyptic novels are written about the future and which attempt to predict the future in other than utopian terms. The writers do not see a brighter and better future for humans. Brave New World was written as an apocalyptic novel.
It sets out to describe a future. But the future describe is not a utopia, a dream, but one where people are reduced in their quality of life. (The inhabitants do think it is a utopia.) The antonym to utopia is dystopia.
The book is designed to be provocative and to make readers think about where we, as the latest generation of humans, are going with our lives. It should cause readers to think about what is the point of their own lives for those few years that we have alive on this earth.

18. Before you read:
Brave New World opens in London, nearly six hundred years in the future ("After Ford"). Human life has been almost entirely industrialized — controlled by a few people at the top of a World State.
The first scene, offering a tour of a lab where human beings are created and conditioned according to the society's strict caste system, establishes the antiseptic tone and the theme of dehumanized life. The natural processes of birth, aging, and death represent horrors in this world.

19. Tone/Mood Word List Strategic Language Use Handout
Review
Define: Diction, Tone, and Mood
How do you describe an author’s diction?
Tone/Mood Word List Strategic Language Use Handout

20. Analyzing Diction in a passage:
The enormous room on the ground floor faced towards the north. Cold for all the summer beyond the panes, for all the tropical heat of the room itself, a harsh thin light glared through the windows, hungrily seeking some draped lay figure, some pallid shape of academic goose- flesh, but finding only the glass and nickel and bleakly shining porcelain of a laboratory. Wintriness responded to wintriness. The overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. The light was frozen, dead, a ghost.
Identify examples of the author’s diction.
What word describes the kind of diction being used?
Choose a passage that relates to your text.
- Brave New World, Pg. 3

21. Analyzing Diction in a passage:
The enormous room on the ground floor faced towards the north. Cold for all the summer beyond the panes, for all the tropical heat of the room itself, a harsh thin light glared through the windows, hungrily seeking some draped lay figure, some pallid shape of academic goose- flesh, but finding only the glass and nickel and bleakly shining porcelain of a laboratory. Wintriness responded to wintriness. The overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. The light was frozen, dead, a ghost.
How would you describe the author’s tone?
How does the diction help establish the tone?
What atmosphere is created for the reader?
Choose a passage that relates to your text.
- Brave New World, Pg. 3

22. As we continue to read: Track Huxley’s use of rhetorical devices.
Allusion
Anaphora
Anadiplosis
Repetition
Go back over chapter 1.
Identify the use of logical fallacies used by The Director in his presentation to the trainees.
Explain how this fallacious reasoning creates irony in the passage.

23. Homework
Read Chapter 2 and Complete Chapter 1 analysis if necessary