1. Reformation
Chapter 12

2. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Interested in authority of clergy.
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own.
Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope).
This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

3. Early Reforms Cont…. Jan Hus (1369-1415)
He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope.
At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church.

4. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within.
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will.
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

5. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)
People have access to books whenever they want them.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

6. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.
Protestant Reformation – was also political in nature
People grew displeased with the churches…
Financial Corruption
Abuse of Power
Immorality

7. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)
Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

8. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

9. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

10. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin.
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
Catholic View: Good Works

11. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestation or protest.
Hence the term Protestant!

12. Lutheranism Firmly Established
By 1521 Luther move toward spilt for the Church
Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power
After his excommunication he gained the support of many who followed his religious practices
He gained the support of many German princes
1524- German peasants revolted in hope that Luther would support them, but Luther need the princes support more
To end the turmoil Holy Roman Emperor Charles V accepted the Peace of Augsburg ( allowed German princes to choose the faith of their own region

13. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli – Priest in Zurich, Switzerland
Zwinglian Reformation
Banned all religious relics & images
Whitewashed all church interiors
No music in church services
Does not merge w/ Luther because they couldn’t agree with the meaning of communion

14. John Calvin John Calvin replaces Zwingli
French, fled for safety to Switzerland
Espoused – predestination
1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
Created a church government of elect and laity
Used morality police
Sent missionaries throughout Europe
Ideas spread to France, Netherlands and Scotland
Mid 1500 Calvinism would become more popular than Lutheranism

15. The Anabaptists Separate themselves from other Protestants
Adult baptism
Disliked government interference
Refuse political office, or bearring arms (pacifists)
See all people as equal
Viewed as extremely radical
Modern descendents
Amish, Mennonites, German Baptists

16. Reformation in England - Henry VIII
Political, not religious motives for reform
Needs a male heir to carry on the Tudor Dynasty
Married Catherine of Aragon
Have a daughter, May
No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you need an annulment, granted by the Church

17. Reformation in England cont….
The Pope refused to grant the annulment for political reasons
Henry decided to break for the Catholic Church
Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer granted the divorce
Act of Supremacy (1534) established the church of England
King control over doctrine, appointment
Dissolves catholic claims, confiscates land and possessions
Remained close to Catholic teaching

18. Henry VIII and His Wives
Henry was desperate for a son
He married 6 time!!!

19. Conflict in England 1547 – Henry VIII died
His 9 year old son, Edward VI took the throne
The Church of England – aka Anglican Church
Became more protestant
Angering Catholics
1553 – Edward dies
His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes the throne
She restores Catholicism as national religion
“Bloody Mary” has 300 Protestants burned as heretics
Increases tensions between the Catholics and Protestors

20. Peace Under Elizabeth I
Elizabeth – half sister of Mary
She returned England to the Church of England (Anglican Church)
War with Spain under Philip II
1588 He was defeated in the Spanish Armada under Sir Frances Drake (Sea Dogs)
Elizabeth even aided the Dutch in their revolt of Spain

21. Reformation in Europe
Scotland – John Knox a Calvinist would firmly establish the Protestant faith there- Presbyterian Church of Scotland
Netherland – 1568 revolted against Spain and the Catholic church leading to the independence of Protestant portion of the Netherlands from Spain
France – French Protestants (Huguenots) would experience great persecution
1572 Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 20,000 protestants were murdered under the direction of Catherine de Medici
Henry Iv ( ) would pass the Edict of Nantes giving toleration to the Huguenots

22. Catholic Counter Reformation
Protestantism spreading rapidly through Europe
Church sees the need to reform
Pillars of Catholic Reformation
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola, began missions to restore Church
Reform of Papacy – started by Pope
Council of Trent – met off and on for 8 years
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
Including the 7 sacraments & faith and good works
Bible is not the sole authority
Banned the selling of indulgences