2. NNMREC Lyceum 2.0 February 16, 2011 Energy Futures of Puget Sound: Are Our Tides Part of the Solution? Brian Polagye, Jim Thomson, and Chris Bassett University of Washington Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center

3. NNMREC Technology Feasibility Economic Viability Environmental Impacts Societal Concerns Viable Approaches Renewable Energy Challenge

4. NNMREC Harnessing the Power of the Tides Vertical Motion Barrage Impoundment Hydrokinetics – moving water

5. NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

6. NNMREC Typical Sites and Devices 2-4 m/s 20-60 m Foundation Drive Train Rotor 5-20 m 10-30 rpm Gearbox-Generator Direct Drive Generator Pile Gravity Base

7. NNMREC Worldwide Demonstrations ORPC Verdant Power EMEC OpenHydro Atlantis Tidal Generation Ltd. Voith Hydro EMEC OpenHydro Atlantis Tidal Generation Ltd. Voith Hydro FORCE OpenHydro CleanCurrent MCT FORCE OpenHydro CleanCurrent MCT CleanCurrent MCT Pulse Tidal Hammerfest Strøm Voith Hydro

8. NNMREC Verdant Power Kinetic Hydropower System East River, US (2005 – 2008) 6 turbines 5 m diameter 33 kW rated power

9. NNMREC Ocean Renewable Power Company 2.5 m diameter 240 kW rated power Eastport, ME (2010 – ?)

10. NNMREC OpenHydro 6 m diameter 300 kW rated power 10 m diameter 1000 kW rated power Bay of Fundy, CN (2009 – 2010) EMEC, UK (2008 – ?)

11. NNMREC Marine Current Turbines 11 m diameter 300 kW rated power SeaFlow Lynmouth, UK (2003 – 2009) 16 m diameter x 2 1200 kW rated power SeaGen Strangford Lough, UK (2008 – ?)

12. NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

13. NNMREC Technology Feasibility Economic Viability Environmental Impacts Societal Concerns Tidal Energy Challenge

14. NNMREC Technical Challenges Deep water deployments Most of the resource is in water deeper than 20m Inspection and maintenance Long-term reliability Moving parts in the marine environment 2+ year maintenance interval for rotor and power train 20+ year service life 6 months

15. NNMREC Economic Challenges Capital cost for extended marine deployments Operations in marine environment Intensive environmental monitoring requirements

16. NNMREC Study priorities – 1000s of possible effects Chicken and Egg Problem Need devices in the water to reduce large uncertainties Cannot receive permit to operate with large uncertainties Technology readiness of monitoring instruments You can only analyze what you can measure… Existing tools focused on stock assessments, not individuals Significant overlap with fundamental research needs High natural variability in relation to project scale Environmental Challenges

17. NNMREC Social Challenges Tribes Usual and Accustomed Treaty Rights Fishing and crabbing Commercial Users Fishing and crabbing Shipping Recreational Users Fishing and crabbing Diving Military

18. NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

19. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Tacoma Narrows Feasibility Study

20. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Tacoma Narrows Preliminary Permit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

21. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Rich Passage Preliminary Permit Agate Passage Preliminary Permit Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Permit San Juan Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Tacoma Narrows 2 nd Feasibility Study

22. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Rich Passage Permit Surrendered Agate Passage Permit Surrendered Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit San Juan Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Tacoma Narrows Permit Surrendered Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Permit Feasibility Study

23. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Application Document Pre-Installation Monitoring Site Characterization San Juan Channel Permit Surrendered Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Studies

24. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Admiralty Inlet Draft License Application Monitoring Specifications and Development Site Characterization Deception Pass Inactive Permit Guemes Channel Permit Surrendered Spieden Channel Permit Surrendered Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Studies Test Platform Proposed

25. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Admiralty Inlet Final License Application Monitoring Specifications and Development Site Characterization Deception Pass Inactive Permit Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Inactive Test Platform Planning

26. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Admiralty Inlet Turbine Procurement Cable Laying Monitoring Development Marrowstone Island Test Platform Studies Test Platform Design Deception Pass Inactive Permit

27. NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Turbine Installation 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Marrowstone Island Test Platform Construction Deception Pass Inactive Permit

28. NNMREC Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Energy Project Snohomish PUD - OpenHydro 2 turbines Pilot demonstration 3-5 years of evaluation Seattle Everett Snohomish PUD Project

29. NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

30. NNMREC Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) UW-NNMREC Tidal Energy UW-NNMREC Tidal Energy OSU-NNMREC Wave Energy OSU-NNMREC Wave Energy Resource and Site Assessment Device and Array Optimization Testing Facilities Environmental Effects Materials Suitability 8 Faculty members involved 10 Graduate student researchers supported

31. NNMREC Establishing Context Information is needed by: Optimal siting Existing information is insufficient Approaches to close knowledge gaps are underdeveloped Site Developers Device Developers Regulatory Agencies Design loads Environmental context

32. NNMREC Relative Scale of Pilot Scale

33. NNMREC Mark II Sea Spider Tripod CTDO Water Quality Hydrophone Underwater Noise Fish Tag Receiver Individual IDs ADCP Current Velocity PODS Porpoise Presence Graduate Student

34. NNMREC A Research Cruise (Condensed)

35. NNMREC Sea Spider Deployment (Sub-Optimal)

36. NNMREC Operating Idle Tidal Energy Resource

37. NNMREC Underwater Noise

38. NNMREC Vessel Traffic – May 2010

39. NNMREC Vessel Traffic Patterns - 2010 Distance to Nearest Vessel (km)

40. NNMREC Future Plans for UW-NNMREC Develop capabilities to monitor environmental effects of pilot projects. Help to monitor effects of pilot projects and identify potential environmental impacts for larger deployments.

41. NNMREC Tidal energy is not a silver bullet, but could be regionally important. Significant challenges must be overcome prior to commercial development. Opportunity for universities to help solve these problems and train the first generation of marine energy engineers. Conclusions

42. NNMREC Thank You More information available at: Tidal: http://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec Wave: http://nnmrec.orgeonstate.edu This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-FG36-08GO18179 and Snohomish PUD.

43. NNMREC A Roadmap for Monitoring? Device presence: Static effects Device presence: Dynamic effects Chemical effects Acoustic effects Electromagnetic effects Energy removal Cumulative effects Physical environment: Near-field Physical environment: Far-field Habitat Invertebrates Fish: Migratory Fish: Resident Marine mammals Seabirds Ecosystem interactions Device presence: Static effects Device presence: Dynamic effects Chemical effects Acoustic effects Electromagnetic effects Energy removal Cumulative effects Physical environment: Near-field Physical environment: Far-field Habitat Invertebrates Fish: Migratory Fish: Resident Marine mammals Seabirds Ecosystem interactions