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Benchmark I Standards 11_1.2-11_3.5
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Declaration of Independence
We are no longer part of British Empire All men have unalienable rights People have right to remove the government
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Separation of Powers No one branch of government has total power…power is shared equally. Legislative =Congress-Senate & -House of Representative. Executive = President- Vice President & Cabinet. Judicial = Supreme Court.
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Checks & Balances Idea that every branch of government has different jobs to avoid on a group having too much power.
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Natural Rights Every person should have the right to life, liberty, and property John Locke
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Articles of Confederation
1st US government…failed because it did not have a strong central government
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Bill of Rights Lists right of all Americans 1st- Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition. 2nd-Bearing Arms 3rd-Quartering Troops 4th-Searches & Seizures
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Bill of Rights Continued
5th-Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain. 6th-Criminal Proceedings. 7th-Civil Trials. 8th-Punishment for Crimes. 9th-Unenumerated Rights 10th-Powers Reserved to the States
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continued Establishment Clause says government cannot force everyone to be religious.
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The Federalists Supported Constitution , but did not want a Bill of Rights. They wanted a strong central government.
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Antifederalists Wanted a Bill of Rights…protect people from bad government. They wanted a weak central government, so the government will not have total control.
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Constitutional Convention
Plan to create a new federal government Decide how much power does each state get in new government
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Virginia Plan Favored large states Bi-cameral legislature
Representation based on population
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New Jersey Plan Favored small states Uni-cameral legislature
Equal representation
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The Great Compromise Bicameral legislature
Lower House representation based on population Upper House equal representation two senators per state
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Checks and Balances No branch of government will have too much power
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Bill of Rights The belief in individual liberty 1st Amendment
Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Establishment Clause, government will not have a national religion
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Industrialization Factories, create jobs, life easier for all. Products made by machines
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Tenement housing Multi family apartments (poor housing) Shaped like a dumbbell 5 to 6 floors high
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Child Labor Help supplement the low annual income of factory workers
Small, so had to get into places where adults couldn’t
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Job Conditions A lack of workplace safety
Long hours (12-16 hours a day) Six days a week
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Factory workers major problem
Government officials and bosses corrupt
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3 distinct classes Upper class- wealthy Middle class- shop owners Lower class- workers
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Immigration Old immigrants- came from western and northern Europe.
New immigrants- eastern and southern Europe s Their coming gave growth to cities.
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Northeast US Large industrial cities Immigrants moved into cities
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Urbanization Growth of cities Early 1900s, rural to urban
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Ghettos Immigrants in same area similar language, race, and ethnicity.
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Skyscrapers Steel skeleton Changed look of cities, allowed cities to go up
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Transportation Electric trolleys Subways and elevated trains, to move large numbers quicker
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City (urban) Planners Designed cities infrastructure, parks, sewage, utilities, and transportation.
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Factors of Industrialization- what a city needs to be rich
Natural resources: from the earth, oil, iron, gold. Population: immigrants work for a little wage Inventions: create jobs and new ways to earn money Bell- telephone Eastman- camera Wright Brothers- airplane Edison- light bulb
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Distribution of Wealth
Earning went to a small group of people… rich got richer
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Transcontinental RR Completed in 1869, connected the US from coast to coast.
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Laissez-Faire Government should not get involved with business. Social Darwinism: rich deserve their money because they worked harder for it…strong will survive.
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Government Aid (RR) Government gave free land to railroad companies for every one mile of track…(10 acres/mi) RR sold land to earn money.
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Robber Barons Super Rich Rockefeller - Oil Carnegie - Steel Morgan - Banking
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Religion 1st Amendment right Establishment Clause Free Exercise Clause
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