1. What is Science?
Science is a body of knowledge based on the study of nature.
A verifiable process – __________________________
Evidentiary
Collaborative
Constantly questioning the known, the unknown, and each other
Looking for, and trying to solve problems

2. Science is Ethical Scientific Inquiry
Ethical issues must be addressed by society based on the values it holds important.
Scientific Inquiry
the foundation of science
a ___________________ process
a process based on __________________ observations and experimentation.

3. 1.1 The Scientific Method Make Observations/Ask a Question
Research (get background info) to generate a hypothesis (______________ explanation of why something happens)
Design Experiment/Conduct Experiment/Collect Data
Analyze data and hypothesis
Use tables, graphs and statistics
Draw a conclusion (support or reject) and Report conclusion for peer review…retest or revise hypothesis
Peer review = process where experimental procedures and the results are evaluated by others
*Be safe and ethical in the process!
There are different ways to number these steps but they are always in this order of events

4. What about this wording and arrangement? Is it sufficient?
1. Where might “Make a predication” fall in this flowchart?
2. Where would “Do background research” be?
3. What about “gather evidence”?
4. What about “analyze the data”?
5. What about “unbiased peer review”

5. What is an observation? What is an inference?
Being aware of something using your five senses
Describe something as it appears: ________________
Raw data
Consider how we have extended our ability to observe…
What is an inference?
An ____________________ based on observations, which cannot itself be directly observed
ex. if you observe dark clouds in the sky, humid air, and puddles on the ground, you might infer that it has recently rained.

6. 1.2 Experimental Design Form a Hypothesis
After observations and questions asking…
Form a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a testable explanation
It can be tested in the form of a _______________ as an If-Then statement
ex: If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the plant will increase.
The ________ is the Independent Variable (IV)
The _________is the Dependent Variable (DV)

7. Parts of a Controlled Experiment
Controlled Experiment: A control group of subjects to compare to the experimental group(s)
Control group: comparative group; the ____________ conditions. Un-manipulated.
Experimental group: tested group; alter one condition to compare results to control group data
Independent variable (IV): Typically, the one condition altered by the scientist, “________________ variable”
Dependent variable (DV): measured condition, the data collected, “_________________ variable”
Constants/Controlled variables: Other conditions that could affect data but are ____________for all subjects.

8. Now You Try…
If you spend more time studying, then your grade will improve.
Independent Variable =
Dependent Variable =
If the temperature of the room is increased, then the bacteria will grow faster.

9. Review the Types of Variables:
Independent: One variable altered by scientist to test effect of
ex. Coffee drank/day: 1 cup, 2 cups or 3 cups
Dependent: Effect measured by scientist
ex. Amount of sleep at night in hours after drinking the coffee
Constants (controlled): all other variables should be kept the same so any DV changes are due to the IV

10. Collect Valid Data Data can be numeric = ___________________________
Data can be descriptive = _________________________
Quantitative data is best to remove bias
ex. bubbles created are large or small (qualitative)
vs. measure bubble size in centimeters (quantitative)
Sample size: the ______________ the sample (more subjects), the ____________ the conclusion
Repetition: the _______________ tested with the same results, the ________________ the data

11. Analyze and Organize Data
Apply statistical tests to data to determine relationships and organize your data in tables.
Record observations and analysis in a data table
Independent
Variable:
_______(unit)
Levels
Dependent Variable: _______________ (unit)
Trial Trial Trial mean range

12. Analyze and Organize Data
Display the data using a graph
Graphs make it EASIER to see patterns in the data.
Parts of a graph
Y Axis (_________ Variable)
X Axis (____________Variable)

13. Graphing Mnemonic: DRY MIX
Dependent Variable = Responding Variable =
Y axis
Manipulated Variable = Independent Variable =
X axis
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable

14. Independent Variable
Dependent
Variable
Also Known As:
Manipulated Variable
Responding Variable
Results:
Cause
On a graph:
Y axis
Experimenter
Changes or controls

15. Draw a Conclusion and Communicate Results
Does the data support or reject the hypothesis?
_______: more testing for more support
_______: revise hypothesis, test
Must share; publish
Scientists must be able to replicate the study and expect to get the same data

16. Peer Review is necessary!
Process where experimental procedures and the results are evaluated by others in the same field or conducting similar research.
-Is a researcher involved in a particular study an appropriate “peer” to do review of that study?

17. 1.3

18. Challenging Accepted Theories
The Study of Life
Challenging Accepted Theories
Scientists welcome debate about one another’s ideas.
Sciences advance by accommodating new information as it is discovered.
Observations or data that are inconsistent with current scientific understanding are of interest to scientists.
These inconsistencies often lead to further investigations and understanding.

19. Biology: Science of Life
Study past, present and future life
Interactions
Structures
Functions
Solve biological problems
Agriculture
Disease
Conservation/Remediation

20. What is life? We decide: Reproduce 1+ cells Respond to Stimuli
Organized/Complex
Grow/develop
Homeostasis
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Use Energy
Adaptations/Evolution
Humans have constructed this definition of life?
What about viruses?
What about evolution?

21. Chemical complexity for structure and function
1+ cells
Organized/Complex
Chemical complexity for structure and function
Atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems- >organism
Grow/develop
Homeostasis
Regulate internal conditions
Consider an example or analogy to describe the meaning of “basic unit”
Growth and development are different

22. Reproduce Respond to Stimuli Use Energy Species =
Individuals are able to process and react to internal/external environ.
Use Energy
Get/make food (__________ energy) to fuel metabolism, convert the chemical energy in food into another form of chemical energy (___________) that ALL living things use to power processes
There are 4 groupings for how energy is obtained:
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Species concept is under scrutiny because it does not always play out – what about hybrids?
What is external stimuli?
What is internal stimuli – think about blood sugar, temp, water balance…
We will talk about ATP a lot…it is the energy currency of the cell
Adaptation does not happen to individuals and time refers to generations

23. Adaptations/Evolution
Change in inherited traits (genetics) over time (generations)
Genetic variation is a generally good thing for species survival
Species concept is under scrutiny because it does not always play out – what about hybrids?
What is external stimuli?
What is internal stimuli – think about blood sugar, temp, water balance…
We will talk about ATP a lot…it is the energy currency of the cell
Adaptation does not happen to individuals and time refers to generations

24. Details on Characteristics
Cells:
Unicellular
Multicellular
1st life forms
Evolved later
1 cell
More than one cell
All bacteria, most protists, some fungi
All animals, all plants, some fungi
GROW by cell enlargement only
GROW by cell enlargement and cell division
REPRODUCE by cell division (asexual reproduction/cloning)
REPRODUCE mainly by making specialized cells that combine sexually

25. Details on Characteristics II
REPRODUCTION:
Asexual
Sexual
Evolved first
Evolved later
Unicellular organisms divide to make more identical unicellulars
Multicellular organisms use meiosis to make sperm/egg
One “parent” – contributes 100% of genetic info
Two “parents” – each contribute 50% of genetic info
Make a clone – no genetic variation between generations
Genetically different offspring – more variation in population – GOOD for survivability/evolution

26. More on Reproduction…
Bacteria (unicellular, asexual) can exchange genetic info between individuals to increase genetic variation
Called “_______________”
Remember: genetic
variability is a generally
good thing for
evolutionary survival!!

27. Details on Characteristics III
Adaptation/Response
Adaptation (evolution)
Response (to stimuli)
Short-term
Population response to changing environmental conditions
Immediate feedback to stimuli
More genetic variability in the population = the better able the population can adapt
EX: adaption as a result of changing climate – thicker fur
EX: response to changing temperatures – burrow, put on a coat

28. Details on Characteristics III
Energy use
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
BOTH versions of organisms convert “food” energy into ATP energy to power their cellular processes!!
All plants, some bacteria, some protists
All animals, All fungi, some bacteria, some protists (NOTE: some plants can do this too! “carnivorous plants –VFT!)
AKA “producers”
AKA “consumers”
Make own food
Eat other organisms or the products of other organisms
Two versions:
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis

29. Life vs. Viruses Viruses:
Bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals are living; viruses are NOT
living things have ALL characteristics of life, viruses do not exhibit all
NOTE: anything you need a microscope to see is called a “microbe”, anything that causes disease is called a “pathogen”.
MOST bacteria do not cause human illness!!
Viruses:
are acellular
do not (generally) reproduce themselves
do not use energy/ have a metabolism

30. More on Autotrophy… There are two general processes: Photosynthesis
use sun as energy needed to make food
Chemosynthesis
use chemicals as energy
Hydrothermal deep sea vents

31. adapting to the environment displaying organization
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
Some species of plants begin opening their flowers in the morning when they are exposed to sunlight. What characteristic of living things does this represent?
acquiring energy
adapting to the environment
displaying organization
responding to stimuli A B C D
FQ 3

32. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
What process regulates an organism’s internal conditions and keeps them stable?
adaptation
equilibrium
homeostasis
metabolism A B C D
FQ 4

33. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
What is the process of change that takes place during the life of an organism?
adaptation
development
growth
maturation A B C D
FQ 2

34. What is a theory? 1.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
What is a theory?
a body of knowledge about a natural phenomenon
a creative tool for designing investigations
a scientific inquiry that seeks to provide an explanation
an explanation supported by observations and experiments A B C D
FQ 5

35. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
Scientists discard observations and data that are not consistent with current scientific understanding. B A
true
false
FQ 6

36. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
A scientist wants to report the findings from her investigations. Before her information can be published, what must it go through?
forensics
peer review
scientific methods
the metric system A B C D
FQ 7

37. Scientific Theory Explains natural phenomenon
Supported by observations/experiments
Always same results
Not a hypothesis
Can be modified or discarded by NEW info
Ex. Gravity, cells, tectonic plates
Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation.
Theory: A theory is what one or more hypotheses become once they have been verified and accepted to be true. A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. A theory is not a guess, hunch, hypothesis, or speculation
A theory is built upon one or more hypotheses, and upon evidence. The word "built" is essential, for a theory contains reasoning and logical connections based on the hypotheses and evidence
In a strict sense, no theory is ever proven in any field, with the possible exception of pure mathematics, since new data might come along that require a change, and there are always details that haven't been tested.
The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law describes a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena.

38. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
When you form a logical conclusion based on your observations and what you already know, what are you making?
a conjecture
an inference
a speculation
a theory A B C D
FQ 9

39. a testable explanation
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
What is a hypothesis?
a defined question
a curious assumption
a tested inference
a testable explanation A B C D
FQ 10

40. What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery?
accidental
anticipated
ingenious
whimsical A B C D
FQ 11

41. Why is the metric system preferred by scientists?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Why is the metric system preferred by
scientists?
Answer: Using the same system of
measurements allows a scientist
to repeat another’s work knowing
that he or she is performing the
experiments exactly the same.

42. What is a testable explanation?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is a testable explanation?
observation
hypothesis
experiment
constant A B C D
CDQ 2

43. Which is not a characteristic of all organisms?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not a characteristic of all organisms?
made of one or more cells
grows and develops
capable of rational thought
maintains homeostasis A B C D
CDQ 3

44. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Identify the term used to describe an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observation and experimentation.
forensics
natural law
theory
physics A B C D
CAQ 1

45. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
In a controlled experiment, which factor is changed by the experimenter?
control group
experimental group
dependent variable
independent variable A B C D
CAQ 2

46. Look at the figure below. Why is scientific
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the figure below. Why is scientific
data often displayed in graphs?
CAQ 3

47. Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the
data and make it easier to
understand.
CAQ 4

48. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?
number
of days
mass B A
STP 5

49. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which biological science was Jane Goodall studying when she observed chimpanzees?
ecology
genetics
animal behavior
biotechnology A B C D
STP 1

50. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
In which activity would an environmental biologist most likely be involved?
genetically engineering plants
finding ways to protect species
preventing the spread of disease
developing new medicines and vaccines A B C D
STP 2

51. Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience?
It brings up more questions.
It causes disagreement and debate.
It does not welcome scientific investigation.
It does not receive acceptance by scientists. A B C D
STP 3

52. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Scientists use laboratory rats to test the effects of a new drug, Razatrin. What do rats in the control group receive?
food containing Razatrin
food without Razatrin
food containing another drug
food containing a variety of drugs
No food A B C D
STP 4