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Living in the Environment
Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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Water’s Unique Properties
Hydrogen bonding Liquid over wide temperature range Changes temperature slowly High heat of evaporation Great dissolving power pH Adhesion and cohesion Expands when it freezes
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Supply of Water Resources
Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Rivers Atmospheric water vapor Lakes 0.0007% Soil moisture 0.0005% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 0.014% Fig p. 314
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Surface Water Surface runoff Reliable runoff Watershed Drainage basin
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Evaporation and transpiration
Ground Water Fig p. 315 Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer
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Use of Water Resources Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff
United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture Agriculture Industry Domestic Power plants Fig p. 316
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Too Little Water Dry climate Drought Dessication Water stress
Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Water stress Fig p. 317
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Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water
Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Fig p. 319
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Transferring Water from One Place to Another
Watershed transfer North Bay Aqueduct South Bay California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Los Angeles Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River San Francisco San Diego California Water Project Central Arizona Project James Bay Fig p. 323
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Tapping Groundwater Year-round use No evaporation losses
Often less expensive Potential Problems!
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Problems with Using Groundwater
Water table lowering (See Fig p. 326) Depletion (See Fig p. 326) Subsidence (See Fig p. 326) Saltwater intrusion (See Fig p. 328) Chemical contamination See Case Study p. 327 Reduced stream flows
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Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain
Distillation desalination Reverse osmosis desalination Desalination is very expensive Cloud seeding
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Using Water More Efficiently
Reduce losses due to leakage Reform water laws Improve irrigation efficiency (Fig p. 330) Improving manufacturing processes Water efficient landscaping Water efficient appliances
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Too Much Water: Floods Natural phenomena
Aggravated by human activities Renew and replenish Reservoir Dam Levee Flood wall Floodplain Fig p. 332
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Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future
Efficient irrigation Water-saving technologies Improving water management See Fig p. 336
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Living in the Environment
Water Pollution G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 19 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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Types and Sources of Water Pollution
Point sources Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485 Nonpoint sources Biological oxygen demand Fig p. 485 Water quality
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig. 19-4 p. 486
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Pollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery
Fig p. 488
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Pollution of Lakes Eutrophication Slow turnover Thermal stratification
Fig p. 491 Slow turnover Thermal stratification
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Case Study: The Great Lakes
Fig. 19-8 p. 492
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Groundwater Pollution: Sources
Low flow rates Cold temperatures Few bacteria Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff De-icing road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tank Pumping well Cesspool septic tank Gasoline station Waste lagoon Water pumping well Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Fig p. 494 Groundwater flow
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Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitoring aquifers Leak detection systems Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Storing hazardous materials above ground
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Ocean Pollution Fig p. 498
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Case Study: Chesapeake Bay
Fig p. 500 Largest US estuary Relatively shallow Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic Major problems with dissolved O2
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Oil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering Significant economic impacts Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
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Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources Point Sources Reduce runoff Clean Water Act Buffer zone vegetation Water Quality Act Reduce soil erosion
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Technological Approach: Septic Systems
Require suitable soils and maintenance Fig p. 504
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Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment
Mechanical and biological treatment Fig p. 504
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Technological Approach: Advanced Sewage Treatment
Removes specific pollutants Fig p. 505
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Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig p. 506
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Drinking Water Quality
Fig p. 495 Bottled water Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum contaminant levels
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