1. SOLIDS, LIQUIDS & GASES

2. Surface tension in a liquid is a result of an inward pull among the molecules
due to their polarity that brings those on the surface closer together.
This property is what creates the
meniscus in a column of water.

3. ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
Change of state is a physical change and 
involves an exchange of energy.
Graphing an inverse relationship produces a 
curved line,
while a directly proportional relationship 
produces a straight line.

4. THE 4 STATES OF MATTER A solid has a definite shape and volume.
Liquids have no definite shape,
but do keep a definite volume.

5. Gases have no definite shape or volume.
Plasma is the most energetic state of matter,
consisting of atoms that have been stripped
of their electrons.
Plasma exists only in stars.

6. SOLIDS
A solid is noncompressible because molecules are 
tightly packed and stay in fixed positions.
There are two
types of solids:
Crystalline solids are made up of crystals
and have a characterisitic melting point.

7. Amorphous solids are not made up of crystals.
Amorphous solids become soft
and slowly melt when heated.

8. LIQUIDS Liquids are noncompressible.
Molecules in liquids are tightly packed 
but are able to move around each other, 
making them fluid.
Viscosity is the resistance to flow in liquid.
A highly viscous liquid is very thick and
a low viscosity liquid is very thin.

9. GASES
Gas molecules are loosely packed and spread out or 
compress to fill a container.
This property makes gas compressible.
Gas molecules move at 500 meters per second at room temperature.

11. Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid.
CHANGES OF STATE OF MATTER
Heat released Heat absorbed
Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid.
The temperature at which a substance melts is called its melting point.

12. Vaporization is the change of state from liquid to gas.
The temperature at which a substance vaporizers is called its boiling point.
Heat released Heat absorbed
There are 2 types of vaporization:
Evaporation is vaporization from the surface of a liquid.
Boiling is vaporization from within the volumn of a liquid.

13. are the same temperature.
Positive sublimation is the change of state from a solid directly to a gas, as with 
dry ice, without going through the liquid state.
Heat released Heat absorbed
Negative sublimation is the change of state from a gas directly to a solid 
without going through the liquid state.
In substances that sublimate, the freezing point and boiling point
are the same temperature.

14. are the same temperature.
Q: How can a substance go from a solid to a gas, or vice versa, 
without going through the liquid state?
In substances that sublimate, the freezing point and boiling point
are the same temperature.

15. Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.
The temperature at which a substance freezes is called its freezing point.
Heat released Heat absorbed
Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid.
The temperature at which a substance condenses is called its dew point.

16. Q: What is actually happening to the particles in a substance
that causes a change of state?
A: Particles either absorb or release thermal energy to cause a
change of state.
When particles absorb thermal energy, they move faster. If
particles in a liquid, for example, can absorb enough thermal
energy, they can move fast enough to become a gas.
If enough thermal energy is released from a liquid, for example,
the particles will slow down enough to become a solid.

20. 15.2 Behavior of Gases A. Measuring Gases 1. Volume: 
 1. Volume:
 -measured in cm3, mL, L
 -the volume of gas is the volume
  of its container
 2. Temperature:
 -the measure of the average energy
  of motion of the particles in the
  substance
  -the faster the particles move, the
  greater the energy, the higher the
  temp

21. 3. Pressure:
 -gas particles are moving, they are
  colliding with each other.
 -also collide with the walls of the
  container
 -gas exerts pressure on the walls of
  container
 -gas flows from higher pressure to
  lower pressure
example: balloon deflating

23. THE GAS LAWS
Gas pressure is the outward push of moving molecules divided by the 
area of the walls of the container.
Pressure = Force / Area

24. At a constant temperature, as pressure increases volume decreases.
Robert Boyle, 1600s
 -measured volumes of gases at
different pressures
BOYLE'S LAW
At a constant temperature, as 
pressure increases volume 
decreases.

25. This inverse relationship a 
curved line on a graph.

26. C. Relating Presure and Temp.
1. raising temps, raises pressure
 -the greater the speed of the gas particles,
  the more collisions occur
 -the more collisions there are, the greater
the pressure will be  

27. CHARLES' LAW
At a constant pressure, as temperature 
increases the volume also increases.

28. This proportional relationship
produces a straight line on a graph.

29. PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE
At a constant volume, as temperature is increased pressure also increases.
Pressure (pa)
This proportional relationship 
produces a straight line on a graph.

30. GRAPHING On a graph, the X-axis shows the manipulated variable.
The Y-axis shows the responding, 
or dependent, variable.