1. The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music Part Three: Nations and Musical Traditions, South America, Qeros

2. Overview Qeros Qeros Several Quechua speaking Andean Amerindian communities (province of Paucartambo, Peru) Several Quechua speaking Andean Amerindian communities (province of Paucartambo, Peru) Musical practices a blend of Incan and pre-Incan traditions Musical practices a blend of Incan and pre-Incan traditions Music an integral part of ritualsMusic an integral part of rituals Linked with cosmology and way of lifeLinked with cosmology and way of life Qeros mainly herders and farmers Qeros mainly herders and farmers Exploit several ecological zones Exploit several ecological zones Acculturation minimal Acculturation minimal Traditions maintained; coexist with contemporary elementsTraditions maintained; coexist with contemporary elements i.e., the Hatun Qeros community (focus of chapter) i.e., the Hatun Qeros community (focus of chapter)

3. Qeros Musical Traditions Musical instruments and contexts Musical instruments and contexts Remain relatively unacculturated since arrival of Spanish Remain relatively unacculturated since arrival of Spanish Instruments primarily those used during time of IncaInstruments primarily those used during time of Inca Panpipes (qanchis sipas, qori phukuna, or choqewanka) Panpipes (qanchis sipas, qori phukuna, or choqewanka) Linked with Qeros sacred beliefsLinked with Qeros sacred beliefs Reflect Andean concept of duality (in construction)Reflect Andean concept of duality (in construction) Flutes (i.e., Pinkuyllu) Flutes (i.e., Pinkuyllu) Used in fertility rituals, also for Carnaval songs (Pukllay taki) linked with surrounding environmentUsed in fertility rituals, also for Carnaval songs (Pukllay taki) linked with surrounding environment Also reflect Andean concept of duality in its relation to female vocal partAlso reflect Andean concept of duality in its relation to female vocal part Trumpets (Pututu) Trumpets (Pututu)

4. Qeros Musical Traditions Contexts and Genres Contexts and Genres Festivals Festivals Several major seasonal agricultural and animal veneration festivalsSeveral major seasonal agricultural and animal veneration festivals Often coincide with Roman Catholic calendar Often coincide with Roman Catholic calendar Musical genres specific to context, or type of animal Musical genres specific to context, or type of animal Women sing and men play pinkuylluWomen sing and men play pinkuyllu Song (and flute accompaniment) an individual expression Song (and flute accompaniment) an individual expression Tells personal storyTells personal story Flute and voice coincide only occasionallyFlute and voice coincide only occasionally Tuning of flute specific to instrumentTuning of flute specific to instrument Several songs may sound simultaneously, only occasionally coincidingSeveral songs may sound simultaneously, only occasionally coinciding

5. Qeros Music and Social Identity Individuality, community, and gender through music Individuality, community, and gender through music Emphasized throughout this handbook is the notion that music is social. As such, it comes to express different ways of being and relating with not only the physical world, but also with the metaphysical (or supernatural) world Emphasized throughout this handbook is the notion that music is social. As such, it comes to express different ways of being and relating with not only the physical world, but also with the metaphysical (or supernatural) world Consider how Qeros musical traditions reflect Qeros notions of sociality Consider how Qeros musical traditions reflect Qeros notions of sociality Questions for discussion Questions for discussion What do Qeros musical traditions tell us about the relationship between 1) individuals and the greater community, and 2) males and females in Qeros society? What do Qeros musical traditions tell us about the relationship between 1) individuals and the greater community, and 2) males and females in Qeros society? What do Qeros musical traditions tell us about the relationship between Qeros and the natural environment (including their animals and surrounding landscape)? What do Qeros musical traditions tell us about the relationship between Qeros and the natural environment (including their animals and surrounding landscape)? How are these relationships expressed through music? How are these relationships expressed through music? How might this relate to other Amerindian traditions in Latin America? How might this relate to other Amerindian traditions in Latin America?